ford Sir Walter Scott, who wrote of him to Southey as a marvel. With Southey himself Mr. Ticknor kept up a correspondence during the rest of the poet's life. During his absence he was elected to what was in point of fact the chair of modern literature at Harvard. Returning to the States in 1819, he entered on the duties of his professorship, and by his lectures gave a stimulus to the cultivation of the European belles-lettres. After fifteen years he returned to Europe, where he explored the libraries of others, and completed his own unique collection of Spanish books. After his return he tried to arrange his lectures for publication, but finally abandoned the attempt, and gave to the world the results of his long studies in his "History of Spanish Literature," published in 3 vols. in 1849. It is written in a clear and unaffected style; displays prodigious reading, tracing the history of Spanish literature from the first appearance of the written language to the beginning of the nineteenth century; and connects the biography of Spanish authorship and the history of Spain with a critical and bibliographical account of Spanish literature, the most thorough and complete that has yet been published. Mr. Ticknor was also the author of an interesting life of Lafayette. He died in 1871.—F. E.
TICOZZI, Stefano, author, born at Pasture, a village of Valsassina in the province of Como, 30th January, 1762; died on 3rd October, 1836. Having adopted jacobin principles, he prospered under Napoleon's sway, and was ruined in his downfall. Thenceforth Ticozzi's literary pursuits had to be carried on not as the luxury of a student, but as the task of a poor man to earn bread. He has left a "Sequel" to Corniani's Secoli della Letteratura Italiana, said to be incorrect as regards dates; an Art Dictionary of every age and nation, 4 vols., 8vo; and many other works, original and translated.—C. G. R.
* TIDEMAND, Adolph, a distinguished Norwegian painter, was born 14th August, 1815, at Mandal in Norway. He studied first in the Copenhagen academy, and afterwards in that of Düsseldorf. Having settled in Norway, he obtained great success by his scenes of domestic and familiar life. He was appointed painter to the king, and commissioned to decorate the royal palace near Christiania. For several years his reputation has been steadily extending beyond his native country, and he is now very generally regarded not only as the chief of Norwegian artists, but as one of the very first painters of national manners in Europe. He confines his pencil to the representation of Scandinavian life, but this he depicts in its various phases with truth, refinement, feeling, and great technical skill. His pictures at the International Exhibition excited general admiration. They included a "Bridal" and a "Funeral Procession" about to cross a ford—the landscapes being painted by his countryman Güde; "Sunday Afternoon," an aged couple reading their Bible; "Administration of the Sacrament to Sick Persons and Cripples in a Norwegian Hut;" "Haugians, a Norwegian sectarian minister, preaching;" "Schoolmaster Catechising;" "Card Players;" &c. Several of Tidemand's pictures are in English collections. Tidemand is a professor in the Düsseldorf academy; member of the academies of Copenhagen, Stockholm, Berlin, and Amsterdam; and knight of the Norwegian order of St. Orlaf—J. T—e.
TIECK, Christian Friedrich, a celebrated German sculptor, brother of Ludwig Tieck the poet, was born at Berlin, 14th August, 1776. He studied first under Schadow in the Berlin academy, where in 1795 he won the chief prize by his model of Mars and Cupid. In 1798 he went to Paris, and entered the atelier of David. In 1801 he went to Weimar, where through the friendship of Göthe he was employed on the sculptural ornaments of the new palace, and executed a large number of busts, including one of Göthe himself, which was greatly admired. From Weimar, he went in 1805 to Italy, where he studied diligently the works of the great sculptors, and executed several busts and two or three rilievi. In 1809 he proceeded to Switzerland, at the invitation of Madame de Staël, for whom he executed a statue of Necker and some rilievi for the family mausoleum at Coppet, and busts of herself, the Duc de Broglie, and Augustus Schlegel. He then, at the invitation of the crown prince (Ludwig) of Bavaria, removed to Munich, in order to model busts of eminent Germans for the Walhalla. In 1812 he went again to Rome to complete his commissions for the prince, and remained there till 1819, when he returned to settle in Berlin. He was now appointed professor in the Berlin academy, inspector of the gallery of sculpture, and much employed by the king of Prussia, for whom among other things he carved a series of small marble statues of Greek deities and heroes; casts of several of these are in the Crystal palace, Sydenham. Tieck executed a few large groups; one of the most admired of his works of this class was a "Niobe and her Children." His strength lay in portraiture, and especially in busts, in which he ranks among the most successful of German sculptors. His busts include likenesses of a very large proportion of his contemporaries eminent in literature and art. He died at Berlin, May 14, 1851.—J. T—e.
TIECK, Ludwig, the eminent German poet, was born at Berlin, on 31st May, 1773, of a respected citizen family. He devoted himself to the study of history and literature in the universities of Halle, Göttingen, and Erlangen, and on his return to his native town began his literary career by translating, at the instance of Nicolai, sketches and tales for the Straussfedern, a periodical edited by Musæus and J. G. Müller. From translations he soon proceeded to original works of larger compass, and the novels "Abdallah," 1795; "William Lovell," 1795, 3 vols.; "Peter Lebrecht," 2 vols; and "Peter Lebrecht's Volksmährchen," 1797, 3 vols.; followed each other in rapid succession. All the poets of the romantic school, among whom Tieck must be considered at least the most fruitful, if not the most eminent, were rather receptive than productive, and in their productions used to cling to the manner and style of others. Thus Tieck in these novels followed Klinger, Sterne, Thuemmel, and Musæus. In "Sternbald's Wanderungen," 1798, 2 vols., however, he adopted the manner and ideas of his prematurely deceased friend Wackenroder, and was now completely gained over to the principles of the new school. He grew fond of the fanciful, the unreal, and miraculous, and betrayed a visible bias for Catholicism. He lost the friendship of Nicolai, but won that of the Schlegels, of Steffens, and Novalis. In his "Romantische Dichtungen," 1799-1800, 2 vols., his "Kaiser Octavian," 1804, and still more so in his celebrated "Phantasus," 1812-15, 3 vols., he gave life and being to the new phase of poetry, and introduced it into the public mind of the nation. Without an office, he exclusively gave all his time and energy to literary labour, and took up his temporary residence successively at Jena, 1799; at Dresden, 1801-2, where, conjointly with A. W. von Schlegel, he published the "Musenalmanach;" and at Munich, 1804; travelled in Italy, 1805; then stayed again at Dresden, Vienna, and Munich; went to England and France in 1817, till in 1819 he finally fixed at Dresden. Thus his life was as fanciful and romantic as his poetry. At Dresden he took an active interest in the management of the royal theatre, and by his wonderful dramatic readings and literary table-talk, assembled a circle of men (and still more of women) of letters around him. For a number of years his house was the central point of literary society at Dresden, until declining health forced him more and more into the life of a valetudinarian. On the accession of Frederick William IV. he was, to the wonder of Germany, called to Berlin, and a competent pension settled on him. He read to the king, and assisted him in his theatrical experiments, such as the revival of the Antigone. His illness, however, increased in 1851, and he died 28th April, 1853. Like all other poets of the romantic school, Tieck also excelled as a translator. As early as 1799-1801, during the most active period of his life, he had translated Don Quixote, and in after years he turned to the dramatists of the Elizabethan era. He completed Schlegel's translation of Shakspeare, in which task he was materially assisted by Wolf Graf Baudissin, and his own accomplished daughter Dorothy. Two other collections of translations were published under the titles "Alt-Englisches Theater," 2 vols., and "Shakspeare's Vorschule," Leipsic, 1823-29, 2 vols. The wonderful energy and assiduity of Tieck are proved by the fact, that beside these numerous works of his own, he still found leisure for editing a number of works of other authors, viz.—the Remains of Heinrich von Kleist, 1826, 3 vols.; the works of Novalis, conjointly with F. Schlegel; the Remains and Correspondence of Solger, conjointly with F. von Raumer; and the collected works of Reinhold Lenz, 1828, 3 vols.—(See Life by Köpke, 2 vols.)—K. E.
TIEDEMANN, Dietrich, a German philosopher of distinction, was born at Bremervörde, near Bremen, 3rd April, 1748. He completed his education at the university of Göttingen, and in 1776 obtained a mastership in the gymnasium Carolinum at Cassel, whence in 1786 he was translated to Marburg, in the capacity of professor of philosophy. Here he attracted a great number of students, as he not only excelled as an expositor
