July of the year just named, was fought one of the most eventful battles recorded in history. The combat was prolonged during three days and two nights, and one hundred and forty thousand men were left dead upon the field. The Turks were utterly routed; the star of their leader, so long the "Ilderim" of conquest, went out in darkness, and he himself was taken by his successful antagonist. According to the western historians, the captive Bajazet was carried about inclosed in an iron cage till his death; but this is not confirmed by the Persian annalists, and the story is, in all probability, unfounded. The circle of victory seemed now complete. "From the Irtish and Volga to the Persian Gulf, and from the Ganges to Damascus and the Archipelago, Asia was in the hands of Timur;" yet while, fortunately for Europe, the want of ships checked his progress on the shores of the Hellespont and Bosphorus, there still, in the furthest East, remained empires to be subdued. Age had not cooled the wild fervour of his ambition; and after retiring once more to that capital which he had enriched with the spoils of so many conquered nations, he was preparing for the invasion of China when the hand of death arrested his career. He died on his march to the above-named country at Otrar on the Jaxartes, 1st April, 1405, leaving behind him a numerous offspring, whose descendants—at least in the case of the Great Moguls—reigned over different sections of his dominions for several centuries.—J. J.
TINCTOR, John, Doctor of laws and Canon of Nivelle in Brabant, and previously first chaplain and cantor to Ferdinand of Arragon, king of Naples, was born at Nivelle about the year 1450. He was the author of many treatises on music, and of the first musical dictionary that was ever compiled. Although the "Terminorum Musicæ Diffinitorium" has neither a date nor the place of publication, it was in all probability printed at Naples about the year 1474. Many of Tinctor's works are preserved in the archives of the papal chapel. The precise time of his decease is unknown. La Borde says he was living in 1494; and Walther, that he flourished in 1495. Schilling, however, says he died about the year 1520.—E. F. R.
TINDAL, Matthew, one of the English deists, was the son of a Devonshire clergyman, and was born in or about 1657. He was educated at Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1676; and was soon afterwards elected a fellow of All Souls' college, a fellowship which he continued to hold till his death in 1733. Applying himself to the study of law, he took a bachelor's degree in that faculty in 1679, and a doctorate in 1685; and his first publications turned chiefly upon questions of political principle—such as his "Essay concerning obedience to the supreme powers, and the duty of subjects in all revolutions," which appeared in 1694; and another "Essay concerning the laws of nations and the right of sovereigns," which came out about the same time. Meanwhile, however, his religious opinions underwent several violent changes, for in the reign of James II. he became a convert to Romanism, and in 1688 was converted back again to protestantism. In 1706 appeared "The Rights of the Christian Church asserted against the Romish, and all other priests who claim an independent power over it," a work which gave enormous offence to the high church clergy, and called forth a host of pamphlets against it, to some of which he replied in a long series of writings, both defensive and aggressive. The principles of the work, however, were approved of by several continental writers of credit, especially by Le Clerc, as the work appeared to them to aim no farther than to subvert the extreme sacerdotal dogmas of the high church and jacobitical party. Tindal had already, however, been carried far beyond this point. Rationalism and unbelief were then coming in upon England like a flood, and Tindal was one of many gifted minds who were carried away by the force of the torrent. As early as 1696, ten years before the appearance of "The Rights of the Christian Church," he expressed to a fellow-collegian in All Souls his conviction "that there neither is, nor can be, any revealed religion—that God has given man reason for his guide—that this guide is sufficient without revelation, and that therefore, since God does nothing in vain, there can be no such thing as revelation. He added that he made no doubt that within such and such a number of years all men of sense would settle in natural religion." It was long, however, before he ventured to publish these opinions. It was not till 1730 that he gave to the world his "Christianity as old as the Creation, or the Gospel a republication of the Religion of Nature." He was then in his seventy-third year. The title did not set forth the true nature of the book; and Tindal used language occasionally which was intended to favour his claim to be considered what he called a "christian deist." But Bishop Conybeare and Dr. Leland were fully justified in treating the work as an infidel one; and Tindal has ever since taken his place among the series of "the English deists." It was a complete embodiment of the principles—the same as those long before published by Lord Herbert—which he had expressed nearly forty years before in the quadrangle of All Souls. He died in London in 1733, and was buried in Clerkenwell church.—P. L.
TINDAL, Nicholas, nephew to the preceding, was born in 1687, and was educated at Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1713. He became a fellow of Trinity college in the same university, and obtained in 1722 one of the livings of that college at Great Waltham, near Chelmsford. In 1738 he was appointed to a chaplaincy in Greenwich hospital, which he held along with the living of Colbourne in the Isle of Wight. He was a busy literary man, and undertook a translation and continuation of Rapin's History of England, which he commenced in 1726, and was more or less occupied with in successive editions till 1757, when a new edition of the whole work, translated and original, was brought out in twenty-one volumes. The translator was the author of several other pieces, antiquarian and educational, but they are now forgotten. He died at Greenwich in 1774.—P. L.
TINDALE. See Tyndale.
TINTORETTO, one of the greatest of the Venetian painters:—Jacopo Robusti was commonly called il Tintoretto from the trade of his father, who was a dyer. He was born at Venice in 1512, and for a few days enjoyed the instruction of Titian; but for some cause not properly explained, he suddenly ceased to visit the studio of that great painter. He then determined to teach himself; he studied casts from the antique and after Michelangelo, and professed to endeavour to combine the drawing of Michelangelo with the colouring of Titian, writing on the wall of his studio, "Il disegno di Michelangelo ed il colori di Tiziano;" he comprised anatomy among his studies. Though a coarse and careless painter, Tintoretto was a master of prodigious powers. His execution was the boldest and the quickest, and his canvasses were the largest. He acquired the nickname of il Furioso, such was the energy of his style. The Venetians used to say he had three pencils—one of gold, a second of silver, a third of iron. Some of his works are very richly coloured, and in every way pleasing and effective; others are but dead-coloured, and his figures are often extremely incorrect in their drawing. The Scuola di San Rocco at Venice still possesses a vast display of his powers as an oil painter; his frescoes, however, have nearly all perished. Among his many great works the most remarkable are—the "Crucifixion," in the Scuola di San Rocco (it was engraved by Agostino Carracci); the "Miracle of the Slave" (Miracolo dello Schiavo), in the academy, of which the poet Rogers had a sketch; and the "Marriage at Cana," in the church of Santa Maria della Salute. To all of these three he put his name, and they are said to be the only pictures he ever signed. Many of his portraits are among the finest works of their class. His largest work is the "Paradise," on the ceiling of the library in the doge's palace; it is seventy-four feet wide by thirty-four high. Tintoretto died at Venice on the 31st of May, 1594. He lost, in 1590, his daughter Marietta, who was an excellent portrait painter, and whom he greatly loved; she was only thirty years of age. He had a son also, Domenico, who was a painter; he died in 1637, aged seventy-five.—(Vasari, Vite del Pittori, &c.; Ridolfi, Vite, &c.)—R. N. W.
TIPPOO SAIB, Sultan of Mysore, was the son of Hyder Ali (q.v.), and born in 1749. A soldier, and a skilful one, from his youth upwards, he was in command of a division of his father's army when, in 1780, in defiance of the English, Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic. With a much superior force he attacked Colonel Bailey on the 6th of September, 1780, near Perambaucum, the battle-ground where in the following June Hyder Ali was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote. In the engagement with Tippoo Bailey was victorious, but his force was so much weakened in the desperate conflict, that in a subsequent battle on the 10th he was completely defeated by Hyder All's army. Tippoo's chief achievement during the war in the Carnatic was his destruction of Colonel Braithwaite's detachment in Tanjore. His victory, however, was one honourable to the English, for in that engagement on the banks of the Coleroon, 18th February, 1782, Braithwaite, with only one hundred European soldiers, one
