Régime et la Revolution," appeared in 1856. He died in June, 1858. His "Democracy in America "has been translated into English by Mr. Henry Reeve, and an English translation of his friend Gustave de Beaumont's "Memoirs, letters, and remains of Alexis de Tocqueville," was published in 1861.—F. E.
TOD, James, a lieutenant-colonel in the service of the East India Company, was born in England in 1782. At the age of eighteen he went out to India, and obtained a commission in the 2nd Bengal European regiment. He then volunteered for the Moluccas; served as a marine on board the Mornington; and in 1806, at the close of the Mahratta war, was attached to the embassy sent to the camp of Sindia in Mewar. At Rajpootana, which became the principal scene of his official duties, he devoted his time to historical and geographical investigation. He made surveys of Rajpootana, and completed a map of the district in 1815, which he presented to the marquis of Hastings, then governor-general of India. In 1817 he was appointed political agent, with entire control over five states which had placed themselves under British protection—Mewar, Marwar, Jepulmeer, Kotah, and Boondee. The results of his antiquarian and geographical researches in Rajpootana are detailed in his "Annals of Rajast'han." His health becoming impaired, Tod returned to England, and was appointed librarian to the Royal Asiatic Society. He then lived on the continent for some years, during which time he was occupied with a work to be entitled "Travels in Western India." Returning to England in 1835, when the manuscript of his work was nearly fit for publication, he died suddenly, November 17, 1835, at the age of fifty-three years. Tod was much respected by all classes of the natives in that part of India over which he had control.—W. J. P.
TODD, Henry John, known chiefly as an editor, was born in 1763, and received his later education at Hertford college, Oxford. Entering the church, he was appointed a minor canon of Canterbury cathedral, and while there assisted Hasted in his History of Kent. In 1793 he published "Some account of the Deans of Canterbury," and in 1798 an edition of Milton's Comus, in preparing which he was brought into connection with the Bridgewater family. After having been vicar of Milton, near Canterbury, rector of All Hallows, London, and keeper of the archiepiscopal manuscripts at Lambeth, he received from the earl of Bridgewater the valuable rectory of Lettrington in Yorkshire, where, appointed in 1832 archdeacon of Cleveland, he died in December, 1845. In the Gentleman's Magazine for March, 1846, there is a list of the numerous works which he either edited or wrote. Of his original works the most important are his "Illustrations of the lives and writings of Gower and Chaucer," 1810; his" Memoirs of Brian Walton" (of polyglot celebrity), 1821; and his "Life of Cranmer," 1831. As an editor he is best known by his edition of Milton's Poems, 1801, of the works of Spenser, 1805, in both cases with notes and a biography, and still more by his edition of Johnson's Dictionary, 1814. As an editor Dr. Todd was generally accurate though dry. His additions to, and corrections of Johnson were not without value, but for a lexicographer he seems to have been remarkably ignorant of scientific terms, and in his edition of Johnson adheres to the botanical nomenclature of Miller's Dictionary, being seemingly unacquainted with that of Linnæus.—F. E.
TODD, Robert Bentley, M.D., F.R.S., was the son of Charles Hawkes Todd, professor of anatomy and surgery in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He was born on April 9, 1809. Originally intended for the bar, he was educated at Trinity college, Dublin; but his father dying in 1826, at the early age of forty-six, and leaving his family insufficiently provided for, Dr. Todd was recommended by his father's professional friends to turn his attention to medicine. He became a student in the Richmond school of medicine, and a resident pupil in the House of Industry hospital. He passed the Irish College of Surgeons, in 1831, and soon after was appointed lecturer on anatomy at the Aldersgate Street school of medicine in London. He subsequently was elected to the professorship of physiology and morbid anatomy at King's college. He took an active part in the foundation of King's college hospital, to which he was appointed physician, a post which he resigned a short time before his death in consequence of the full occupation of his time by private practice. Dr. Todd took an ad eundem degree in arts in the university of Oxford, and proceeded M.D. in Pembroke college in 1836. In the following year he was admitted to the fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians of London. In 1838 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; and on the thirty-fifth anniversary of his birth, he received an honorary fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He died suddenly of hæmatemesis, the result of chronic disease, on the 30th of January, 1860. Dr. Todd was a man of genius, and his teaching and writings exercised a marked influence on medical opinion. Probably his noblest and most enduring monument is the Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology, of which he was the editor, and to which he contributed some of the most able articles. But he will long be remembered for his advocacy of stimulating and supporting measures in the treatment of acute disease—an advocacy which has produced an undoubted effect on British medical practice. Dr. Todd was the author of the following works—"On Gout, Rheumatic Fever, and Chronic Rheumatism of the Joints;" "The Anatomy of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Ganglions;" "Physiological Anatomy and the Physiology of Man," in conjunction with Mr. Bowman; "Clinical Lectures on Paralyses, Diseases of the Brain, and other affections of the Nervous System;" "Clinical Lectures on certain diseases of the Urinary organs and on Dropsies;" "Clinical Lectures on certain acute diseases." He was also the author of several papers in the Medico-chirurgical Transactions; and of a series of Clinical Lectures published in the Medical Times, Medical Gazette, and Lancet.—F. C. W.
* TODLEBEN, Francis Edward, a general and an eminent military engineer in the Russian service. By birth he is a Courlander, having been born at Mittau on the 25th May, 1818. He was educated first at Riga, then went to St. Petersburg, where he was admitted into the corps of engineer cadets. On the breaking out of the war between Russia and the allies in 1853, Todleben, then in his thirty-fifth year, was but a second captain of engineers, proof sufficient that he had no powerful friends at court. The critical position into which Russia was thrown by the siege of Sebastopol made a way for the advancement of several men of talent, but of none more able than Todleben. By his skill and promptitude in meeting the besiegers of Sebastopol on the south side with fortifications of enormous strength, erected after the siege had commenced, he baffled the attacks of the bravest English and French troops, delayed the capture of the city, and, it is hardly too much to say, saved the credit of his country. When he had completed all his principal works, he was disabled by a wound in the leg. The emperor rewarded his meritorious conduct with the rank of general of engineers, and clasps of the order of St. George, the only decoration which is distributed parsimoniously in Russia.—R. H.
TOGRAI or TOGHRAI is the literary name of an eastern poet, the author of the "Lamiato e' Ajam," composed in Arabic, who was born at Ispahan about 1063, and died in 1121. His poem, a collection of ethical maxims and reflections, was edited by Pococke, the celebrated Orientalist, with a Latin translation, &c., in 1661. An English version of it was published at Cambridge in 1758, with the title—The Traveller, render'd into English in the same Iambick metre as the original, with some additional notes to illustrate the poem; by Leonard Chappilow, B D., Arabic professor, and formerly fellow of St. John's college, in the university of Cambridge.—F. E.
TOLAND, John, an English writer of considerable notoriety in his day, was born near Londonderry in Ireland in 1669. His parents were papists, and "he was educated," he tells us, "in the grossest superstition and idolatry—but God was pleased to make his own reason the happy instrument of his conversion." He was christened by the portentous name of Janus Julius, an appellation which exposed him to so much ridicule and annoyance from his companions at school, that his master made him exchange it for that of John. At the age of eighteen he went to Glasgow college, where he graduated in 1690. He then studied for two years at the university of Leyden, and afterwards at Oxford, where he began to acquire the character of a freethinker. On leaving Oxford he settled in London, where in 1696 he published his work, entitled "Christianity not Mysterious, or a treatise showing there is nothing in the Gospel contrary to Reason nor above it, and that no Christian doctrine can be properly called a mystery." All that is alarming in this work is contained in the title-page. Its theological innovations seem to be entirely verbal, and its contents to be very weak and very harmless. For example, he tells us that the sinfulness of human nature was a mystery to the ancient philosophers, but that it is "now no mystery to us who have the mind of Christ. We know
