line to reinforce the fleet under Nelson in the Mediterranean. At the battle of the Nile the Culloden unluckily ran aground—"an accident," says Brenton, "which almost broke the heart of the gallant captain"—and his utmost exertions failed to get her off in time to bear a part in the action. Nelson, however, nobly vindicated his gallant friend from all blame for this misfortune. "Captain Trowbridge's conduct," he wrote to the admiralty, "was as fully entitled to praise as that of any other officer in the squadron. It was Trowbridge," he added, "who equipped the squadron so soon at Syracuse: it was Trowbridge who exerted himself for me after the action: it was Trowbridge who saved the Culloden, when none that I know in the service would have attempted it." The gold medal, therefore, by the king's express desire, was given to Captain Trowbridge, "for his services both before and since, and for the great and wonderful exertions which he made at the time of the action in saving and getting off his ship." In 1799 he was created a baronet, and after rendering various services at Alexandria and on the coast of Naples, was appointed captain of the Channel fleet under Lord St. Vincent on his return to England in 1801. He held office for some time as a lord of the admiralty, and in 1804 was made an admiral. In the following year he was sent to the East Indies in the Blenheim, 74, with a convoy of ten merchant vessels. The admiral's ship ran aground in 1806 in the Straits of Malacca, and was seriously damaged. But after a temporary repair. Sir Thomas set out in her for the Cape of Good Hope. When last seen the Blenheim was in a violent gale on the 1st of February, 1807, off the island of Madagascar, exhibiting signals of distress. Nothing was ascertained respecting her fate, but there can be no doubt that the vessel foundered, and all on board must have perished.—J. T.
* TROWBRIDGE, Sir Thomas St. Vincent Hope Cochrane, Bart., C.B., Colonel, a most distinguished Crimean hero, is the grandson of the preceding, and was born in 1817. He entered the army in 1834, and when the Russian war broke out was sent with his regiment, the 7th royal fusileers, which was included in the light division, to serve in the Crimea. Major Trowbridge was under the hottest fire of the enemy at the Alma, when ten officers of his regiment fell. At the battle of Inkermann he had charge of the outposts of the first brigade of his division, and also of the Five-gun battery—a position of great danger and importance. About midday a round shot from one of the Russian bastions carried off Trowbridge's right leg and left foot. He refused, however, to be carried to the rear, and coolly directing two of the soldiers to bind up his legs, and place him upon one of the gun-carriages, he continued to give his orders, and animated and cheered his men as calmly as if he had been untouched, answering the repeated entreaty of a friend that he would retire, with the heroic words, "No, no; not till the battle's won." His gallant behaviour was noticed in appropriate terms by Lord Raglan, in his despatch on the battle of Inkermann, and by Captain Lushington, the commander of the naval brigade. Sir Thomas was conveyed to England in 1855, was rewarded with a pension, the rank of colonel, and the appointment of aid-de-camp to her majesty. He has edited Lallemand's Principles of the Minor Operations of War.—J. T.
TROY, Jean François de, a distinguished French painter, born in Paris in 1679, was the son of François de Troy the portrait-painter. He studied some years in Italy, became a member of the French Academy in Paris in 1708, and in 1738 was appointed director of the French Academy in Rome, where five years later he was elected president of the Academy of St. Luke; he died at Rome in 1752. De Troy painted with great facility and in various styles. The Louvre possesses one of his principal works—"Henri IV. holding the first chapter of the Saint Esprit." De Troy was a chevalier of the order of St. Michel.—(Mem. des Memb. de l'Acad. Royale, &c.)—R. N. W.
TROYON, Constant, an eminent French animal painter was born at Sèvres In 1813. He was for some time engaged in the royal manufactory of porcelain in his native place, and then entered the atelier of M. Riocreux. He afterwards worked much from nature in the rural districts of France, and visited Holland to study the methods of the animal painters of the Netherlands. M. Troyon soon occupied a prominent place in the salons; and his works went on increasing in popularity to the close of his career. He was regarded as the first painter of his class in France. Animals in motion usually form the principal objects in his pictures, but not to the exclusion of the landscape. His pictures are mostly of rather large size; painted in a broad masculine manner; true to nature, but with marked individuality; and he was fond of striking effects of light and shadow, early morning scenes, &c. He was, too, a great colourist, according to French notions of colour; which are very different, however, to those of some others—the old Venetians, for example. His large picture of "Animals going forth to labour," which was in the International Exhibition of 1862, is a good example of his style. Several of his pictures have been engraved. M. Troyon received three first-class medals, and was made knight of the legion of honour in 1849. He died in 1865.—J. T—e.
TRUEBA Y COSIO, Telesforo, a Spanish author, was born at Santander in 1805, but educated at a Roman catholic college in England, and resided in this country for the greater portion of his life. He published in 1828, in England, "Gomez Arias," a tale of the Moorish wars; in 1830 "The Romance of the History of Spain;" in 1831 "The Incognito, or sins and peccadilloes;" "Paris and London;" and a musical farce. He also wrote for Constable's Library a Life of Hernan Cortes, and a history of the conquest of Peru. He returned to Spain in 1834, and was chosen one of the secretaries to the cortes, but he died in Paris in October, 1835.—F. M. W.
TRUMAN, Joseph, a learned nonconformist divine, born in April, 1631, probably at Gedling in Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Gedling by the minister of the parish, at the free school at Nottingham, and at Clare hall, Cambridge. He was inducted into the living of Cromwell; but soon after the passing of the act of uniformity in 1662, he was ejected for refusing to read the Book of Common Prayer. His best known work is "A Discourse of Natural and Moral Impotency," which was republished at London in 1834, with a biographical introduction by Henry Rogers. Among his friends were Baxter, Stillingfleet, and Tillotson. He died 29th July, 1671.—D. W. R.
TRUMBALL, Sir William, a learned civilian and experienced diplomatist, who in 1695 succeeded Sir John Trenchard in what Lord Macaulay calls the subordinate secretaryship of state. He was born at East Hampstead, Berkshire, in 1636; was educated at Oakingham and at St. John's college, Oxford, and became a fellow of All-Souls. After taking his degree of LL.B. in 1659, he travelled on the continent, and on his return to England practised as an advocate in Doctors' commons. In 1671 he was appointed chancellor and vicar-general of the diocese of Rochester; and in 1683 he accompanied Lord Dartmouth in the expedition to Tangier as judge-advocate of the fleet. Some curious traits of Trumball's cautious character will be found in Pepys' Tangier Diary. Returning home he was knighted; and in 1685 was sent as ambassador to France, where he witnessed and assuaged some of the distress consequent on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was recalled in 1686 and despatched on an embassy to Constantinople, where he remained till 1691. His credit with William III. and his government was very high. He was made a lord of the treasury, and in 1695 a secretary of state. Two years later he resigned in consequence of a court intrigue, which led to the downfall of Lord Sunderland. He retired into private life and to the enjoyment of literature and the society of the learned. "If the last Æneid shine amongst its fellows," says Dryden in the postscript to his translation, "it is owing to the commands of Sir William Trumball." The youthful Pope found a warm friend and admiring companion in the old statesman; and he has recorded his grateful remembrance of Sir William's virtues in a eulogistic epitaph, which is inscribed on the monument at East Hampstead. Sir William died at his seat near that place on the 14th December, 1716.—(See Coote's Catalogue of Civilians.)—R. H.
TRUMBULL, John, a distinguished American painter, was the youngest son of Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, who played a conspicuous part in the war of independence. He was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, on 6th June, 1756, and was educated at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1772. His own desire was to be a painter; his father wished him to be a clergyman; but the revolution broke out, and he joined the army. He attracted the notice of Washington, who made him his aid-de-camp, 1775; and soon after major of brigade. In 1776 he was nominated colonel by General Gates, and appointed adjutant-general for the north. Some delay on the part of congress in confirming his appointment led him to resign, and he quitted the army in the summer of 1777. He now repaired to Boston to study art; and in 1780 came to London in order to
