he revised, in conjunction with Nicholas Heath, bishop of Rochester, a new edition of the English Bible. In 1551 he was accused of misprision of treason and committed to the Tower, where he remained until the accession of Mary, two years afterwards, when he was restored to his bishopric; but his lenity and moderation towards protestants were not liked at court. On the accession of Elizabeth he refused to take the oath of supremacy, and was again deprived of his bishopric. He was consigned to the custody of Parker, afterwards archbishop, who describes him to have held many opinions in common with the reformers. Tunstall died in 1559, at the age of eighty-five. He was the author of several letters, &c., published in Burnet's History of the Reformation, Strype's Memorials, &c., and of the following—"In laudem matrimonii," 1518; "De arte supputandi," 1522; "De Veritate Corporis et Sanguinis Domini in Eucharistia," 1554; "Compendium in decem libros Ethicorum Aristotelis," 1554; "Contra impios blasphematores Dei prædestinationis," 1555; and "Godly and Devout Prayers in English and Latin," 1558.—F.
TUNSTALL, James, a learned English divine, was born about 1710, and was educated at St John's college, Cambridge, of which he afterwards became a fellow and tutor. He obtained various preferments, and filled the positions of rector of Sturmer in Essex, public orator of Cambridge, university chaplain to Potter, archbishop of Canterbury, &c. He rose to the degree of D.D. of Cambridge in 1744. He was the author of an "Epistola" to Dr. Conyers Middleton on the genuineness of the letters between Cicero and Brutus, which Dr. Middleton had made use of in his History of Cicero; as also of some "Observations" on the same subject, which gained for him a great reputation amongst scholars. He also wrote "A Vindication of the Power of the State to prevent Clandestine Marriages," in two letters; "Academica—Discourses upon Natural and Revealed Religion," the second part of which was published after his death; and a series of epistles on Duckett's Atheistical Letters, which Tunstall addressed to the earl of Oxford, and which are among Dr. Bird's MSS. in the British museum. He died in 1772.—F.
* TUPPER, Martin Farquhar, a popular poet, was born at London in 1810. He is descended of a German protestant family, which was banished from Hesse Cassel in the time of the Emperor Charles V. Mr. Tupper was educated at the Charter house and at Christ Church college, Oxford. He took his degree in 1831, a short time before he was called to the bar. His first publication, a small anonymous volume of religious poems, appeared in 1832. Seven years afterwards (1839)) was published his "Proverbial Philosophy," a work which, in spite of all the ridicule and contemptuous criticism that has been directed against it, has acquired a much more extensive popularity than any other volume of poetry of this age. It has gone through about forty editions in this country alone, while in America its sale has been absolutely prodigious. The secret of such marvellous success seems to be simply this—that the poem, if we may so call it, is essentially of such a character as to be readily mistaken by the large half-educated public for a work of genius. Mr. Tupper has written a great many more books since the publication of the "Proverbial Philosophy"—"The Crock of Gold;" "A Modern Pyramid;" "A Thousand Lines;" "Heart," a social novel; "The Twins," a domestic novel; besides numerous ballads and songs. His more recent publications are "Probabilities, an Aid to Faith," a work on the evidences of christianity; "Paterfamilias' Diary of Everybody's Tour;" and a translation of King Alfred's poem into English metres, similar to those of the original Anglo-Saxon.
TURBERVILE, George, an English poet, the son of Nicholas Turbervile of Whitchurch, Hants, was born there about 1530, and was educated at Winchester school, and at New college, Oxford. He entered himself at one of the inns of court, but does not appear to have made much progress in the legal profession. He was appointed secretary to Randolph, ambassador of Queen Elizabeth to the court of Russia, and wrote several poetical epistles to his friends at home, describing the manners of the Russians, which were afterwards published in Hakluyt's Voyages. After his return home he published a collection of "Songs and Sonnets;" translations of the Heroical Epistles of Ovid;" Eclogues of B. Mantuan; Tragical Tales, translated from the Italian; "Epitaphs and Sonnets," &c. The period of his death is unknown. There were two other authors of this name living about the same time, and it is disputed as to which of the three wrote "Essays, political and moral," published in 1608; and a book of Falconry and Hawking, published in 1611.—F.
TURENNE, Henry de Latour d'Auvergne, Viscount de, was born at Sedan on the 11th of November, 1611. He was of illustrious descent. One of his great-grandfathers was the Constable de Montmorency; one of his grandfathers, William, called the Silent, prince of Orange, the ablest statesman of his age. Turenne was the second son of Henry, duke de Bouillon, and of Elizabeth of Nassau, daughter of the prince of Orange and of Charlotte de Bourbon. The Duke de Bouillon was one of the leaders of the protestant party in France, and Turenne and his brother were educated in the strictest principles of the reformed religion. When Turenne was not quite twelve years old his father died, whereupon his mother sent him to Holland to be instructed in arms by his distinguished uncle, Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange. But Maurice died early in 1625. A few years subsequently to this Turenne, having appeared at the French court, attracted the notice of Richelieu, who gave him the command of a regiment. Turenne served first under the energetic Duke de Laforce, then under the Cardinal de Lavalette; and then in Germany, at the head of a French detachment, under Duke Bernhard of Weimar. It was not, however, till 1639, when he went to Italy, that Turenne had any opportunities of giving signal proof of his talents. The commander of the French troops in Italy was the Count D'Harcourt, a vigorous, sagacious, experienced, and for the most part successful general. In his brilliant Italian campaigns D'Harcourt was powerfully seconded by Turenne. Having been created Marshal, Turenne was sent in 1644 to Germany. With varying fortune he fought against Mercy, the leader of the imperialists. On the 3rd August, 1645, Mercy and the imperialists were defeated by the Duke D'Enghien, afterwards called the Great Condé, and by the French at Nördlingen. Turenne commanded the left wing of the French army. Mercy died of his wounds the day after the battle. From the effects of this overthrow the imperialists never quite recovered. Either alone, or associated with the Swedish general, Wrangel, Turenne gained a series of advantages which hastened the termination of the long and horrible war which had been so direful to Germany. The same year (1648), which was made memorable by the peace of Westphalia, whereby France gained both influence and territory, was marked by the outbreak of the most foolish of all civil wars—that of the Fronde. There was a conspiracy of the most chaotic parties against Cardinal Mazarin and the queen-mother. Turenne, from private and somewhat ignoble motives, joined the malcontents; but in a year or two he deserted their ranks. Presently we behold a marvellous spectacle—Turenne and Condé fighting on opposite sides; Condé allying himself with the Spaniards against his country. The numberless skirmishes rather than battles with which Condé and Turenne harassed each other, have a military rather than a historical interest. After the war of the Fronde had worn itself out, the war with Spain dragged wearily on, Turenne slowly but surely asserting his mastery. The conquests of Turenne humbled the pride of the Spaniards. On the 7th of November, 1659, the peace of the Pyrenees was signed, which was highly favourable to France. The insatiable ambition of Louis XIV. furnished fresh employment to Turenne. A war with Spain in 1667, or rather an unprovoked attack on certain defenceless Spanish possessions, was the forerunner of a still more unprovoked attack on Holland, that alarmed Europe, and gave birth to a revolution which would have proved irresistible if Charles II. of England had not turned traitor. Louis XIV. had no military talent, but he liked to get credit for military achievements. In 1672 a hundred thousand French troops were poured into Holland under the nominal command of the French king. Feebly succoured at the outset by the Spaniards and the imperialists, and torn by intestine divisions, Holland resisted heroically but unavailingly. Condé and Turenne combated the Dutch and their allies—Condé more brilliantly; Turenne, with more solid and satisfactory results. In one or two campaigns Turenne, by persistent and elaborate tactics, had swept every foe before him, and brought France to a loftier pinnacle of power than it ever again reached till the advent of Napoleon. The year 1674, so glorious for Turenne and for France, will yet be an eternal reproach for both by the execrable barbarities of the French troops in the palatinate. Towns and villages were burned, and the soldiers of Turenne were allowed to perpetrate every
