world and living in religious solitude, along with the good Christopher d'Utenheim and a few other friends; but the nomination of Utenheim (1502) to the bishopric of Basle put a period to the pious project. Wimphelingius remained for some time at Strasburg, and then joined his episcopal friend at Basle. He soon, however, returned to Strasburg, where he had been made a prebendary. But this piece of preferment does not seem to have been much to his mind, as he almost immediately resigned it. After this his life seems to have become more unsettled than ever. He moved about from place to place, engaged mostly in superintending the education of young persons, particularly such as were preparing for the church. We can truce him from Strasburg to Friburg, from Friburg to Heidelberg, and from Heidelberg to Basle. At the last-mentioned place he was for some time at the head of a female convent, which had been reformed and was zealously superintended by the pious cares of the thrice-excellent bishop. Wimphelingius, towards the close of his life, was cited to Rome on the ridiculous charge of having asserted that Augustine had never been a monk. He did not, however, make his appearance at Rome; contenting himself with sending certificates of good character from some canons at Strasburg, together with an epistle in verse to Pope Julius II., who at once pronounced the accusation to be quite preposterous. Wimphelingius had spoken many hard words against the laziness and scandalous behaviour of the monks, and the wretches thought to extinguish their censor by the above-mentioned charge. The last years of this errant scholar were spent at his native place, where he found a refuge in the house of his sister, and employed himself in instructing his two nephew's, Jacques Spiegel and Jean Maïus. He died at Schelestat on the 17th of November, 1528. Beatus Rhenanus wrote his epitaph: it is inscribed on his tomb, and may also be read in the thirty-eighth volume of the Memoires of Father Niceron. For a pretty complete list of the numerous works of Wimphelingius the reader is referred to the supplement to Moreri's Dictionary.—R. M., A.
WINCHESTER, William Paulet, first marquis of, the head of an old and influential family long settled at Paulet in Somersetshire, was a leading courtier in the reign of Henry VIII., and ingratiated himself so much into the favour of that monarch, that he appointed him comptroller, and afterwards treasurer of the household, elevated him to the peerage (1538-39) as Baron St. John of Basing, and appointed him one of his executors. He continued high in favour during the three succeeding reigns; was created Earl of Wiltshire in 1549-50, and Marquis of Winchester in 1551; was installed a knight of the garter, and appointed lord high treasurer of England by Edward VI., an office which he continued to hold during the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth. Being asked by what means he had succeeded in maintaining himself in his high station, during so many changes in the government, he replied, "By being a willow, and not an oak." This adroit and supple courtier died in 1572 at the age of ninety-seven. His great-grandson, John Paulet, fifth marquis of Winchester, the glory of his family, was a nobleman of a very different character. He was the third son of the fourth marquis, and was born in 1597; but his two elder brothers having died without issue, he succeeded in 1628 to the family estates, which, by strict economy, he succeeded in freeing from the immense debt with which they had been encumbered by his father's extravagance. When hostilities broke out between Charles I. and his parliament, he at once embraced the royal cause. His chief seat. Basing house, one of the most magnificent mansions in England, commanded the main road from London to the western counties, and was therefore fortified and garrisoned for the king. It consequently became an object of importance to the enemy to wrest it from his hands, and siege was laid to it in August, 1643. The garrison consisted only of the servants of the marquis, together with a small body of one hundred musqueteers sent to him from Oxford. But animated by the exhortations and example of their gallant leader, they defended the place with such courage that army after army of the parliamentarians was compelled to abandon the attack. At length, however, after the fatal battle of Naseby, Basing house was stormed by Cromwell, 16th October, 1645, and the greater part of the garrison put to the sword. The mansion was levelled to the ground, and the plunder which fell into the hands of the captors was valued at £200,000. The marquis was sent prisoner to London; but after a time was permitted to retire, harassed with fines and sequestrations, to Englefield, Berks, where he passed the remainder of his long life in strict retirement. He lived to witness the Restoration, and experience the base ingratitude of Charles II. He died in 1674, and was buried at Englefield, where a beautiful inscription by Dryden appears upon his tomb. Three works, translated from the French by the marquis, are extant—Devout Entertainments of a Christian Soul, by J. H. Quarrè, 1649; the Gallery of Heroic Women, by Peter le Moìne, a Jesuit, folio, 1652; and the Holy History of Nicholas Talon, 4to, 1653. The marquis was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles, sixth marquis, who in 1689 was created Duke of Bolton as a reward for his services at the Revolution. He was one of the influential nobles who joined William at the Hague, and after the abdication of James he raised a regiment of foot for the reduction of Ireland. His behaviour in private life was most eccentric and extravagant, and was thought by some to be assumed for the purpose of escaping the suspicion of the court, during the troublous times of James II. Burnet says, the duke "was a man of a strange mixture. He had the spleen to a high degree, and affected an extravagant behaviour; for many weeks he would not open his mouth till such an hour of the day, when he thought the air was pure. He changed the day into night, and often travelled by torch-light, and took all sorts of liberties to himself, many of which were very disagreeable to those about him. He was a man of profuse expense, and of a most ravenous avarice to support that; and though he was much hated, yet he carried matters before him with such authority and success that he was in all respects the great riddle of the age." The duke died in February, 1698-99.—His grandson, Charles, third duke, married the celebrated actress, Lavinia Bestwick, the first who performed the character of Polly Peachum.—On the death of Henry, sixth duke, the dukedom expired, but the marquisate and other honours devolved on Charles Paulet, a descendant of William, fourth marquis, and are now enjoyed by his grandson—the premier marquis of England.—J. T.
WINCKELMANN, Johann Joachim, the celebrated archæologist, was born in the humblest walks of life at Stendal, 9th December, 1717. By the help of benevolent patrons he was enabled to devote himself to classical learning in the gymnasia of Stendal and Berlin, and in the universities of Halle and Jena. In 1743 he obtained a humble mastership at Seehausen, near Stendal, where, under the double pressure of his official duties and his straitened circumstances, he pursued his studies, and thought himself a happy man when, in 1748, Count Bünau, at Dresden, accepted the offer of his services as secretary and librarian. At Dresden he was first initiated into the history and principles of ancient art, and his enthusiasm grew to such a height, that he did not consider his conversion to Romanism (1754) too high a price for a librarianship at Rome, which Cardinal Archinto had promised him on that condition. In the autumn of 1755 he arrived in the Eternal City, where he was chiefly patronized by the Cardinals Archinto (then secretary of state) and Albani, and formed a valuable acquaintance with Raphael Mengs the painter. From Rome he made several journeys to Florence, especially Naples, and his knowledge of ancient art soon ripened into an unparalleled intimacy. In 1763 he was appointed by the pope superintendent of the antiquities in and about Rome, an office which never was intrusted to abler hands than his. In 1768 he resolved on a journey to Germany in company with the sculptor Cavaceppi. But he had proceeded only as far as Munich when a deep melancholy seized him, and he hastened back alone to his adopted country by way of Vienna, where he was most graciously received and loaded with presents by the Empress Maria Theresa. These very presents, however, proved fatal to him, inasmuch as they excited the cupidity of an Italian robber of the name of Arcangeli, whose acquaintance he made at Trieste, and who stabbed him at his hotel on the 8th of June, 1768. Winckelmann's last words were a request to pardon his murderer, who was nevertheless executed a fortnight after. The immortal fame of Winkelmann rests on his "History of Ancient Art" (Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums), Dresden, 1764, which has been translated into almost all European languages. He raised to the dignity of an independent branch of learning what had hitherto found its place only in the scattered notes of learned editors. To the "History of Art," the "Monumenti Antichi Inediti," Rome, 1767-68, two volumes, serve as an indispensable companion. Among the minor works, the "Notes on the Architecture of the Ancients," the "Reports on the Discoveries at Herculaneum," and the "Thoughts on the
