,
THE JEWISH E>X'YCLOPEDIA
151
Sw
JP?."
mar"
"Hebrew
Gi'scuitis-Kautzsch,
Gram-
^16, 2;
edition).
I'rcss
(C'larciiddii
sense.
Htaile,
.sacrificed to rhetorical effect.
" llebralselie Graiiiiiiatik," ^^ 53-o0; botli rest upon S. Uaer. "Die Meiliegsel/.uiig," in Merx's " Areliiv
Wissens<liaftliche Erforscliung des A. T.." pp. •")() tt m/. llstiS. pp. 194 ct kc/., also in Latin The accent is often an in his edition of Proverbs. aid to sense, especially in words similar in sound,
but different in meaning, as "J'? "he drank," ","';' "she put"; ",«? ^,0-; "Rachel is coming," "«?i?0? "Hachel came." Similarly, the -T"; compare f?,' "they will fear" and,'"!"'." "they will see," etc. Small words of freijuent occurrence, as the mono. syllabic i>reposition3 and conjunctions (-^?, -"'?, "'2, -?,
Use of Hyphen, words may
-OJ; -°}. -'^-„
"^^f,.
the words
-'^, -15),
-x^,
also
There
is
always a
wa.ste
and void
—
the very opening of the Bible in Helirew and in Khetorical effect makes itself felt in connection with the smaller no less than in the ca.se of the greater pauses. Thus, for the sake of emphasis, the pause may be shifted from one place to another; or it may be introduced within a group of words which is properly indivisible. In general, greater latitude is i)ermissible in dealing with the slighter pauses. Individual taste will there play an
-?T-,
Englisli.
arc. as a rule, joined
the following (long) word. Not only two, but three, and even four, be liyphenated thus: ^P^r'^-r'!*, -^^
.
is
de-.
The English sentence "And the earth " properly reads in Hebrew: "And the earth it was waste and void"; hence there will be a pause in Hebrew after "and the earth." The order of words differs also. Compare
was
to
nj-n.>r'?'
A characteristic
languages.
On the other hand, a long word will oc^-"'"'J-,-. casionally be joined to a following small word: 3^-'??f J,
Frequently, liowever, the logical pause
viation from the accepted method of punctuation consists in passing over introductory clauses or l)hrases which are treated as a sul>ordinale part of what follows; for example, "And <!uil miid. Let there lie a tirmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters" (Gen. i. 6). The lesser pauses obey the laws of syntactical con stniction, which arc obviously various in different
fllr
ISIiT.
Accents in Hebrew
close syntac-
B j5 •*
J
•
^
rli-T|-||-
- i
35
•>
I
I
III
•
r II
388 r -rr-T I
'
I
•
6
-
•
II
||-
5.11
12
10 10
5
9. II
12
^ " ^ —*.— i r| i-r||-7rli- 2 II
I
•'
c .19
19, 19
4
t
Variants:
-|
f
3
-
14 -I3->1
-| '-etc.(as above)or^|
tical relation between the hyphenated words. Indeed, in every union of words, sense and rhythm equal determining factors. are 4. The verse (r"B?) is adopted as sense-unit. It is certainly the natural unit in the poetical portions of the Bible in accordance with the Place of UiivTii.M OK P. .i.i,Ei.is.M. It is there Sentence- equally natural to divide the verse Accent. into two lialves. Accordingly, in a part of the recently discovered fragments (if the Hebrew text of Ecclesiasticus. each verse occupies t wo short lines (stichs) running across the page for example
20
y
-
^j -
etc.
Klsewhcr<- the Vk.hsk-divisio.v
is still
iii. ~. The whole of the Bible was to be read according to a rhytlimieal swing which even in the poetical compositions is largely determined by st-nse. The tradi-
rim.
English Bible will show, does not always coincide with our iieriod nor is it always of the sami' length. For purposes of necentualion each verse nuist be dealt with separntelv. The problem is invariably givi^n a verse, determine the accentuation. The leading priiiiiple of the system is halving (ex endiil from the poetical portions to the rest of ilii' Bible). Each verse is divided Into two parts not neees.sarily equal; these parts are each dividicl into two other parts; this jiroeess is continued until an indivisible complex of words Is reached. The greater pauses arc regidated by tional verse, as a glance at the
I
I
I
I
- -
j
21
||
Rhythm is another factor. A group must consist of more than two words to admit of a marked pause within it. When thus the stops have been properly distributed in a verse, our next task is to indicate both the presence and the absence of a pause by the corresponding signs (accents). The accents are either pausal (^T'o?? "stops") or nonpausal (°'.^7i;^ "servants," «em). The notation differs in Job,
Proverbs, Psalms (3'Vnn
'IrfP
employed
3^'K;
hence, from that other (twenty-one) books (^)^° "-3 ^cyj:). The two treated separatel.v, that of the ^"i<*, ^'Jf^^
'?£?.)
in the
sj'stems must be three books first.
r?.? 'PP-,0
Pausal: - (r'iP "cessation "). ; (^y 1^7 "ascending and descending "). - ("J""* " rest "). : (>:^ ?
an arbitrary,
innovation which was not jiermitled to penetrate into the Scrolls Setermina- (the sign, marking the end of a verse, tion of must tie kept out of them; see Sofetliiiugh convenient,
Accent.
21
- !
arranged
in the ordinary
is
19
- i ^-
i
important part.
A.
The Song of Mos»'s(Deut. xxxii.) In this fasjiion in the SruoLLS and editions of the Hebrew Bible.
^^
19
"rhomb"). Liet of Accents,
t'liii
-'(•-"•P, r?"?, "t'?! gerexha[see below]'), T C-? "water-
jiost/ioftitite, -
"thrust shake " or "trill"), ,! (great '"^rS" "chain"), ,:and ': («i7U y^, "I'V Itself"), tlmt Is. ""JJ': and ?^^'^ I??? pausal (for tlic meaning of x.v.'J and ^?^^^ see below). " lengthening ").
yon jHi until (•<?';['*]i5 7 channel"),
back"), prepovitiff,
I
P'J>,
("'HI
"
"laboring, heavy, slow"). 1 (wt",'? "going on." thai is, not pausing), -("<'= "settled," that is, un-
(<":y.
varying in its tone). C^'. " placed above "), - (1??? "turned round"; the older form was ;),;( J,.' "wheel"; the older form was;, ;), (little "^'T^,'?), - (T'-i'jr), pretonif. 'Vw names, it will be obs<'rved are derived from the musical value or from the form Other names are met with; but of the accents. Tlii' diagram those given are the most conunon. printed above will be employed to illustrate the use .'
!.
of the various signs.
