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THE
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"Adam "as a ]ir(i|MT Gen. iv. '^.">(.I) and v. 3 Here the same iLsagc is manifest for in the two (P). opening verses of cliap. v. the word is used generically. It may also he observ<(l that the writer in Gen. ii., iii. always Siiys "the man" instead of "Adam," even when the personal reference is intended, except after a preposition, where, liowever, a vowel lias probably been drop])ed from the text. Indeed,
name
it is
ilouhtfiil wliethi-r
used at
is
all
liefurc-
Theex|)lanalion of the variation of nsa.ireapiiarently is that, as in tlu' case of most of the early stories of Genesis, the material of popular tradition, which started with the forminfr of man out of the earth. was Ijiken up and worked over for hijrher religious uses by thinkers of the prophetic school. Adam is not referred to in the later Old Testament books, except in the genealoj^y of I Chron. J. F. ilcC.
ADAH,
BOOK OF: The Talmud says nothing about the existcMce of a Hook of .Vdam, and Znn/'s widely accepted a.ssertion to the contrary ("G. V." 2d C(l.. p. i;iti) is erroneous, as appears upon an inspection of the pa.ssage in "Ab. Zandi, .'>'(, and There can be no doubt, however, (ten. 1{. xxiv. 2. tliat there existed at an early date, i)erhaps even before the destruction of the Second Ti'mple. a collection of legends of Adam and Eve which have been partially preserved, not in their original lan-
guage, but somewhat changed.
It is
jiossilile
to
that the api>cryphas, Ajiocalypsis jMosis as Tischendorf. following a coinist's erroneous insoription. called the Ijook and Vita Ada' et Ev;e, and to a certain degree even their Slavonic, Syriac, Klhiopic, and Arabic olfslioots, are of identical Jewish origin. According to these apocryjihal works and to the Eastern and Western forms of the Apocalypsis. the .lewisli portion of the Book of .idam must liave read somewhat as follows (the jiarallels in apocryphal and rabbinical litciature are placed in parentheses) Adam, the handiwork of the Lord (.li. H. X. i., end), lived with Eve in the (iaidcn of Eden, which was situated in the East (Hook of Enoch, xxxii. Ii. IJ. Xin). in Their the Garden food, which tbi'valsodistributed to the |fiw<r animals (Gen. I{. xix. ."i). conof Eden. sisted of the fruit of the trees in the garden, the only nourishment then allowed to living beings (Sanh. 5ili). For their ])rotection two angels were set ajiart (Hag. Hi<(), know n (Her. (1(1//) as or the (lartakers of the nnijesty (1133) {liiihiiil), called in Latin rii-tuten, from rirtiis, corresponding to /..//»«/. Hut one day when the guarding |irove
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Adam
m313D
angels hail as<iiid(il to heaven to sing their livnm im'L") to the Lord (Hul. !»l/-). Satan thougln' the lime opportune to carry out his c'vil designs against Adam. Satan haled Adam, for he regarded him a.H the cause of his fall. After (iod hadcrealcil unin. He ordered all the angi'ls lo prostrate themselves before .'dam. Iiut Satan rebelled against God's eomnnind, despite the ilirect liiilding of Michael " lo worship the iunigi' of in' 1. and answered proudly: " If God be angry against me. I will exalt my throne above he stars of (iod" (<-ompare Isa. xiv. lit). Whereupon (iod "cast him out from heaven w ith all his liost of reliellious angels" (.Slavonic Hook of Enoch, xxxi.lH. and .Mek.. Shirah.;- 2). And Sal an the Adversary (Suk. .VJojsclectcd the serpent for his tool, as it was not only the most subtle of all animals, but also very similar toman, for it hail been em lowed w ith liands and leirs like him |(ien. |{. i. I). .ial Satan spoke to hi' serpent ti- my list rumen I. and through thy mouth will I utter a word which shall enable thee to seduce niau " (I'irki' H. El. xiii.). Aflersonie
VHW"
I
I
'
I
i
(
Adam
.JEWISH ENX'YCLOPEDIA
Adam, Book of
jileading the serpent succeeded in persuailing Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge a tig-tree ((ieu. K. xv. 7) which the serpent hail shaken for her (Ali. K. N. i. 4, ed. Schechter). But the serjient had infused lust into llie Iruit. and when Eve had eaten of it the sexual desire awoke in her (Slavonic Book of Baruch. xcvii. Ai)oc. Abraham, xxjii.. and I'irke 1{. El. xxi.). and at the same moment she became aware that she had been undone and " had lost the garment of righteousness in w hicli she had been clotiied " ((Jen. U'. xix. (i. I'irke K. El. xiv. ). Adam, too, after lie had eaten of the forbidden fruit, ex]ierienced a.senseof lossand cried out :" Vhat hast thou done'/ Thou hast removed me from the glory of the Lord"' (.b. K. N. i. (i. ed. Schechter). Soon after they had sinned they heard the trumpet-blast {xhnfir) of .Michael (" B. II." ed. .lellinek. ii. (jl) calling the angels: "Thussaith The Divine the Lord. 'Come with me into the Verdict. Garden of Eden and hear the sentence which I will pass on Adam'" (Gen. H. xix. 8). And the Lonl then spoke to Adam, saying: "Where art thou hidden'/ Dost thou think I can not find thee Can a house hide itself fnmi its builder? [Targ. Yer. to Gen.
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'/
iii.
9J.
Because thou hast broken
my command-
ment I will intlict seventy-two ailments upon thy body "(Mishnah Neg. i. 4). . il to the woman He said: "Befause thou didst not hearken to my commandment I shall multiply thy labor-]iains, and vainly [ir /inraimr of the (Jreck l)y a mistake in Dv3n (habalim) for D'73n(habalim)in the Hebrew] thou wilt then confess and cry: 'Lord, save me, and I will not turn any more to carnal sin.' But thy desire shall be again to thy husband" (a niidrashic explanation of Gen. iii. 1(>, basid on the henneiieutic rule of siiiiiknt |.planation by context and tube found word for word in Gen.K. xx. 7). Nor did the serjient escape punishment, for it lost its hands and legs (Gen. I{. xx. .^), and a spirit of enmity was establislied between it and man unto the day of judgment: acconling to Targ. Yer. Gen. iii. 1.5, " until the time of Messiah " (see Sotah. 4(W). However, the heaviest punishment for Adam was his expulsion fiom thcGardeii of Eden. .ll his supplications, as well as tho.se of the angels, to mitigate the .scuteuce only induced God to promise him. saying: "If after having left the Garden of Ex- Eden thou will guard againstevil mtil iled from thou diest" ["be |)re|>arcd to die" is the Garden not correct, being based on the conof Eden, fusion of the Hebrew niO? TDJ? (wilt
reading
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Adam
die) wit lit be AramaicTnjJ (!" pa'cil)]. "Iwill iiiisetheeat Iheljmeof resurrection " (an old haggadic Targuni to Gen. iii. 17. 'i'i. which is also found in Targ. Yer. i. and Gen. H. xx, 10: comjiare
the benediction iiii/iiii/i/e /niiiiitim (He raises the dead), in Apost. Const, vii. chap, xxxiv). In the future world (iod will be among men (Tan., ^'iiin. 14."), ed. Buber). and the Evil .Spirit will he uo more (Gen. K. xlviii. 11). The seiileiiceof (iod was carried intoefTect. Banished from the garden, wliieli was henceforward surrounded by a sea of ice (Book of Enoch, Hebrew version: " B. II." iv. '.i'2). .dam and Eve settled in he neighborhood of Eden ill he East ((ien. H. xxi. 9). Thiv were no sooner out of their blissful abiHli- than a paralv/iiig terror befell them. I'naeeustomed to the earthly life and unfamiliar with the changes of the day and of the weather in paradise an eternal light I
I
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had surrouudeil them ((ien. I{. xi. 2) they were terrilicd when the darkness of night began to fall upon the earth c.Mi. /anili, Ni). and the intercession of God's wonl ({<1D'D) was necessnry to explain
