—
connection with tliis comnicnlaiy he cditeil the ScfiT Yaer." or " I'atslicgcn." ami a Masonili on the Tarj;iiiri); (H) " Aliabat Youatan " (The Love of .lonathan), a work in the sjune styh' as the "Netiiiali" on liie soeaHed Tari;iim of Jonathan, consisting of Ihrei- parts. (ill
Jiir. Quart. lUv.
aiiiljiic. ll'i.WiJ, .lull. :.'4. IWKI.
1!iiii.i(ii:rai'11V
II.
- i«l-3St;
Jiw. Chran. G.
ADLER, SAIVIUEL
L.
American ral)lii, Talniiidisl, anil author; liorn at Worms, (ierinanv, IMllil: ilicd ill Xew York, June it, 1H!)1. Dec. 3, Kroni his fallicr,
Isaac Adlcr,
dayyanim, oras.sociate received his
ler
liihlical
tlic'
Whiii his
(iirnian
who
luid
rnlibis. in
lieeii
one of the
Worms, young Ad-
instruction iu llelirew an<l in of the Jews. Adlcr died (Dec. ,>3. 1H22) he left five young children in straitened cirlirsl
and post
Bililieal literature
Halilii Isaac
widow and
Samuel, though then but thirteen, in of iniiunieralile diltieultics and e.xtreine ])rivation. continued his studies at w i/is/iihut (Taluuidical college's) in his native city ami in Frankfort-onthe Main. |iursuing at the same time regular classical and g<'neral studies at the high schoolsof those cities. After gra<luating from the Kraiikfoit (iymnasiuiii, Adler entered, in is:31, the Iniversity of Bonn ami later that of (iiesscn, where, in 1M8(), lie received tlu' degree of doctor of philosophy. His first ollieial position was that of preacher and assistant ralibi in Worms. In 1«4'J he was elected rabbi of the Jewish cumstances. sjiite
congregations iu Alzey and its neighborhood, and he remained in this position until ls.")T. Aliout the beginning of that year he received a call from tin' congregation Emanii El in New York, as successor to Dr, L. Mcrzliaeher. who had died a few monlhs previously. Adieraccepled the call, and in March, 18.57, enlered on the duties of his otlice. He remained active as the siiiritual licail of this congregation until 1H74, in which year he was made rabbi emeritus and relieve<l from active work for the rest of his life. G.
was his succes.sor. Samuel Adler was not merely a thorough Talmud ical scholar; he was also a master of the entire lield of knowledge coiici'rning the Jews. Whatever hail any relation to his coreligionists their history, religion, literature, etc.— interested him and was studied by him. He was not only a scholar, but also a man of vigorous action. During the twenty-one years of Gotthcil
his enri'cr iu Germany he took part eiiergeticallv in the effort sal that time being made to remove the civil disabilities of the Jews, especially the oath iiii/rc
He succeeded in obtaining the introduction of the teaching of thc> .b wish religion in the
,/iifliiifii.
lower and higher schools of Worms on eipial tcriiis with ProlcstanI ami Catholic leaching. He labored earnestly to secure the recognition of the ei|Uality of llie si'xes in mattiTs of religion. It was through his intluence that the barrier was leveled which had separated the womc-u's synagogue from that of the
nun
in
the aniiint
synagogue of Worms.
He gave
his special aIN'ntion to the improvement of the re ligious instruction of the young, both in the city and in
Adler, Nathan Marcus Admissious iu Evidence
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
199
the rural schools of
He made
it
his
aim
to
manners upon a basis of inward conviction, and favoring a gradual transformato rest the reformation of
tion rather than an abrujit transition from the old to the new. Ileatlenihil thethree great nibbinieal coiifereiices held ill lirunswiek (1S44). Frankfort -on-lheJlain (1M4.J), and Hreslau (b'^Hi). respectively, and took a notable purl in their proceedings. In ls.")4 he was elected rabl)i and preacher by the Jewish reform congregation in l,eniberg, (Jalicia. but he declined the call. Throughout his life Adler was an untiring student, and his haiipiest hours were those spent in his library. He belonged to what may be called the histoiico-critical .school in the science of Judaism. He conlributed scholarlv arlieles lo several learned periodicals; for example, " Coiilributions to the His-
tory of Sailduceeism," "Jewish Conference Papers" (New York, ISHO)," Benedictions" (Xi'W York, 1SS2). Some of these the author collected and published under the Hebrew title, " Kobez 'al Yad " (Collections), New York, 1MH(), mainly as a .souvenir for his friends. His extensive library of rabbinica was ])resented by his family to the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati. liuu.iimii.UMiv: mill,
- i[.
S::iiiit(iii<liUitt
del-
New
Ytirkei- Slaatszeit-
l.siu.
B.
F.
ADLER, VICTOR:
Austrian physician, journalisl. and Iradir ot In- .ustrian labor movement born at Prague, June ",'4, IS.VJ. Having been graduated as M. D., he settled in Vienna, where his professional practise brought him in contact with the Vienna poor. Adlerbegan tostudy theireconomic conditions. which led him to an examination of the whole social problem. So intense became his interest in Ihissiibjcct, that he gave up his practi.se and devoted himself entirely to socialism. When he joined the socialistic movement, the working ela.sscs of Austria were disorganized and wasted their energies in fiicI
]ilots. Owing to his of economics, his keen wit,
and anarchistic
tional tights
uncommon knowledge
and oi-ganizing ability Adler beiame aiioweramong them, and in IMilO. after several years of educational work carried on as speaker and editor of the "Gleicliheit," he united them into a strong |)olitical party. Under his leadershiii the chief elTorts of the party
were now diiected toward .securing universal suffrage. During this perioil of great agitation Adler was one of the most prominent figures in .ustria. The government made concessions, and on March 9, IHilT, for the lirst time in their history, the working men of Vienna went to the iiolls ami elected fourteen of their candidates. Adler, who had been nominated in one of the parliamentary districts in Vienna, w as defeated, owing to a combination of all
He has pub
the Antisemitic forces against him.
numerous pamphlets on nomic i|uestions and lianslated lislicd
and ecoStepniiik's "Pea-
giolitical
sants" from Hussian into ticrman. Since 1S!)4 lie has been editor in chief of the "Wiener ArbeiterZcitung" and a lontribulor to sevenil politico economic reviews. Hini.iiKiRiiMiv I.udwto F.I»i>nt)erK, Dnn (leMiye II'fcM, I. 2
which he hail the supervision. enhance Hie order, the solem
ami the dignity of the public worship. He was instrumental in founding a number of new
June
lllls-H.
ADMAH
nily.
named 111),
in
("Heil" or "Hed
the gemaloi;ical
whose king was Sliinab
list
„
»r
Kuim>"i'><li<i<<.l Siicial Ktfiirm,»..
Liiml"). A lown of Canaiin (lien .x
((ien. xiv. 2. 8)
It
was
haritable inslliulions. Above all, lie labored with palieni zeal to instruct the coni;legaliiiiis under his charge in their ancestral religion, lo liberate them from the deadening inllueiiee of literalism, anil to ipiicken in Ihem the spirit of Jmlaism. In this pn ileavor he fric|Uently drew upon liie storehouse of his great Taliuudie learning for Iheargumcnts which
deuce
he used
witnesses, and be of a disinterested ami iinparlial
(
in his
struggle for proga-.ss, seeking always
ileslroycil together is
not mentioned in
of those
(IVut.
two
.x.xi.x,
with
Sodom and
(iomornih. It the narrative of (he destruction
but hiler accounts ivfer lo Hosen. .i. S). G B L
cilii'S,
2;t;
ADMISSIONS IN EVIDENCE in .b uisji l:iu
must be
atti slid
The
by
it
b.st evi
al lea.st
two
