fame was such tliat he was (icsijrnated as El Rab d'Espana ("The Hahbi of Spain"). A manuscript [lurpiirlinf; to lir a {ertilicatc of indclitcdncss.
dated
1202, in favoiof accrlain Solomon Adrct, .Iiw of BarCflona, and a passjiort for I he same Adrct. dated 12()9, arc still extant (.lacnlis, "Sources." jip. Iti. 4:i, No. i;iO). Moses l)en Nahnian (Nid.inuiMidcsl and .lonali of He was a master in the Gcroiiii were his teachers. study of Ihe Tahnnd. and was not opposed to tlie
Adrct was very active as a rahlii and asan ('al)ala. Under his auspices and throujrii hisrecom author. rnendatinn, jiart of the commentary on the .Mishnah liy Maimonidcs was translated from the Araliic into Hebrew. His Talmudic lc<tures were attended by thron;,'s of <lisciplcs. many of wliom came from distant places. (Jucstionsin ^reat numlier. dcalini;- with ritual, with the most varied topics of the HalaUah, and with relifrious philosophy, wcic addressed to him from Spain, I'cjrlujial, Italy, France, Germany, and
His response show evieven from Asia iMinor. wide reading, keen intelligence, and sys-
jIcdcc of
They also alTord a clear insight tematic thought. into the communal lifeof llntimc, portraying Adrct s contemiiorarics, and are of value for the stu<ly not oidy of rabbinical procedure but also of the intellec Oidy tual dcvelopmeni of the age in which he lived. half of these responsa have been published, as they number three thousand. Adrct had to contend with thecxternal cuendcsof Judaism as well as with religious dis.sensions and He excesses within its own ranks. Defense of wrote a refutation of the charges of Unyinund Martini, a Dominican monk of iiarccliina, u ho. in his work," I'ugio Fiilci." had colle<'leil jias-sjigcs from theTulinu<l and the Midrash and iiUerpnted them in a manner hos These charges also induced Adrct tile to Judaism. to write a commentary on the Haggadot, of which He refuted also the only a fragment is now extant. attacks of a Mohammedan who asserted that the priests had falsilii-d thi' Bible. M. S('hreiner ("Z. I). SI. O." xlviii, :!!b has shown that this .Mohauunedan was Ahmad ilin I.Ia/m. and the bonk referred to was "Al-Milal wal Xil.ial " (Religions and Sects). Adrct opposed also the increasing extravagances of the Cabalists, who mtulf griat headway in Spain and were represented by Nissim ben Abraham of Avila, a prcti'nded worker of miracles, and by Abraham He combated Abulatia, the cabalistic visionary. these with vigor, but displayed no less animosity toward the philosophic rationalistic conception of Judaism then prevailing, |iarticularly in France, which was represented jiy Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim, who treated most important n'ligious (pies tions with the utmost frec<lom. and who was joined by the Spaniard Isaac Albalag and others. Opposed to Ihesi' was another tendency, the chief object iif which was Ihe preservation of the pure At the head of this faith of Judaism. movement stood Aiin M.iii iikn Adret and Abba Mosi.s ii.v-Y.uiii, ealli'd also Kn DuHe ajjpialcd to Mari. ran Astruede Lunel.
Judaism.
Adrct for assistance. An extensive correspondence cnsiU'd between the authorities of southern France and northern Spain, Adret taking n most important part, .ftcrward this <-orrcspond ence was collect<(l and published by Ablia Mari. in n scpanite work, entitled " Miidial Kenaot" (The OlTering of Jealousy), I'resburg, l.SMH (sec full "" nnalvsis in lU'nan "a Lcs Knbbins Fran^ais," pp. (HT-V.!)-!).
.dret.
Adrammelech
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
213
whose disposition was peaceable,
at first
endeavored to conciliate the opposing spirits. I'ltinnitely he was called upon to deiidc thcalTair, aiul
Adrianople
on July
26, 1305, togctlier with Iiis colleagues of the rabbinate of Barcelona, he jironounced the ban of exconununication (Itfreiii) over all who studied phy.sics or metaphysics before the comidetion of their thirtieth year. A iirotest against this ban may be found in a poem in which I'hilosophy "calls f)it in a loud voice against Solomon ben Adrct and against all the rabbis of France who have placed under the ban all people who approach her" .
.
.
.
.
.
(see H. llirscht'eld, "Jew. Quart. Hev." xii. 1411). Those who desired to study medicine as a profession were cxemiited from the ban. A special ban was pronounced against the rationalistic Bible exegetes and the philosojihic Haggadah commentators, their writings and their adherents. The cnforcingof these
bans caused Adrct
much
trouble and embittered the He left three .sons, Isaac, Judah, and Astruc Solomon, all of whom were learned in the Talnmd. Of Ihe works of Solomon ben Adrct there have appeared in print (1) Responsa, Rologna, l.")3i(; Venice, V)i^ Hanau, Kill), etc. The second His part apjieared under the title "Toledot Works. Adam" (The Generalions of Man) at i.i'ghorn in 1G.57, the third part at the sami" placi' in 177s, the fourth part at Salonica in l«l«. and the liflli jiart at LeglKirn in 1825. (2) A manual on the ceremonial laws to l)c observed in Ihe home, Torat ha-Uayit ha-Aruk " (The Complete Law of the House), jiublished at Venice in I(;()7, at Berlin in 17(i2, at Vienna in ISll, etc. (3) The shorter manual, "Torat ha Bayit ha-Kazir" (The Shoit Law of the House), published at Cremona in I5(>5. aiulat Berlin in 1S71. A number of his comclosing years of his
life.
mentaries and novelhe on Talmudic treatises have been printed. (4) Commentaries upon seven treatises pulilished at Constantinople in 1720, and at Berlin in 1756. (5) Similar discniisitions upon live treatises were published at Veincc in 1523 and at Amsterdam 1715. He wrote besides a nuiidicr of dis(|uisi" tions upon single treatises. (B) The "Piskc H""i (Decisions on llallah). published at Constantino]ile in 151S, and at .Jerusalem in lS7(i. (7) The " 'AbiMlat
in
ha Kodesh " (The Holy Servic'e), on the laws of Sabbath and festivals, published at Venice in Ui(l2. His polemical work against Mohanmicdanism was edited i)y I'erles,
as an appendix to the hitter's
monograph
on Adret. IliHl.KiCRAPiiY: Peril's, n. .>>ri(.)Mi(i Ik- a AiUreth.Krin Lehax S(liriflt)i. Iln-ahiii. ISttt; Sleliisiineliler, Cut. iok/ Itndl. col. SMS ( Ki/. Azului. Shnn ha-dnlnliin. 1. liil .( neq.;
Kim
,
Gcwh. (I. ./iiiliji, vll. 1711 [( sf !(., i"iil 1 .vi;., ^*74 <( sra.; Or Im-llauilim. N"- 11S«: Ji ic. Qiidrt. lifr. vl. taiO,
- !:2, 4ati, ran. xll. no, U4; Her. f:t. Juifis. Iv. Ii7, xxlx.
Z. D. M. a. xlvlU. 3» KnufmaDD, Die Siimc. p. 11). M. K.
(iriltz,
1
Mlchiiel, vlll. •-M4
ADKIANOPLE A
city of
Turkey
in
Europe
of whom about H.IKIO The lirsl trace of a Jewish settlement in are J<'ws. this citv (according to a somewhat dcuditful source found ill E. D<'inard's "Mas.sa Kriin" (Biudcnof the Crimea), p. 13, Warsjiw, IS7S) was during the reign Here they dwelt of Thcodosius I. in Ihe vi'ar 3S!). for a long time, siitTering the oiipres-sion of the Byzantine emperors, <'liictly inaugunitcil by the cikIcs of Thcodosius 11. (43S) anil of Justinian I. (,527-51)5). which not only prohibited them from celebrating tin' festival of the 1'as.sovcr before the Christian Ka.ster. but compellccl them also to make use of Ihe Grei'k and Latin Imnslalions of the Holy Scriptuns in tlnir Salibalh readings. Both Benjandn of Tudela (about 1171) and Judah .Mhari/.i (about 1225) visili'il Conslnnlinople. but neither of lhein_ makes anv mention of the .lews of Ailrianople. ThiTc is
with a populalioii of
TO.tlOII,
