.
Abmed Hamdi
THE .JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
295
Ahrizuan
whole of the history of the non-Jewish world, from the |)oint wlien the Habyloniau power first conies into
This tend of lie IVisiaii rrlifiion lias not l)oen without its iiilliR'iicc upon the icU-as of later .Iu(hiisni. As late a writer even as the Deutero-Isaiah (Isa. xlv. T) e.|)resses himself in sueh a way as to exclude beyond question any dualism in religion, if we are not to interpret his words as beini; a direct attack on the Parsee doctrine, a god of light and a I
contact with Israel down to Aiitiochus Epiplianes, constitutes merely an outburst of the ill will and enmity of the kingdoms ipon the earth against God and His chosen people. Dualism is even more clearly marked in the Book of Daniel than it is in the Parsee religion, for the divine and the .secular kingdoms are iniubli' to exist side bv side. The use that is made in 1 Chron. xxi. 1 of
god of darkness. But after the Exile the Jewish mind liecomes unable to refer to God, as formerly, everything that
AHOT KETANNAH mf
Lento, con tenerezza.
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God! heal
na
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ma
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may
bring.
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ha.t happi'iiecl
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year which
nah
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and enntinues
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in the
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hence.
world.
early as the prulnLnie to llie Hook of Job. anil in Zech. ill.. Satan is spnUeii of in terjiis lliat show that he is no lunger merely a servant of VIIW'II. but is. rather, a persecutor of man, actuated by personal
As
motives in making mankind evil anil in in checking (Jod's work. In I Chron. the Bible, xxi. 1. where the word "Satan" appi'ai-s without the artiile, we have it new step in the development of his characler. in that the ttgure of Satan is employed to explain a matter hilherlo asiribiil without further thought to God (compare 11 Sam. x.iv. I). Satan acts (according to I I'hron. xxi. 1) entirely on his own account in entiAccording lo the Hook cing David lo commit sin. of l)uniel^'om posed about the year ItW ii.c. the
"Satnn"
—
.lior
-
-
roic.s'
lo ishireem)>loyeil as an I'xptanation of theoriiiin of eviljn mankind. In conjunetion wilh this, and as a development from I Chron. xxi. 1, we have the version given in the lliM)k of Jubilees of the story in (tenesis; for there Satan (or Mastenm, as he is tiiere named) has n'peatedly
—
w heiiever
it
is
in(es.sary to
remove any
fentiin.' thai
