children." Tlio course of his tiresome travels at length brouglit liim to Cairo. Egypt. There he was taken into the house of H. David ibn Abi Zimni, an immigrant who had attained to a high communal position. For about ten years (about 1.543-53) Aliri.sh remained at Cairo as private tutor to David's eliildren and griind<liil(ln'n, until his jiatron's endgnitiiin to Palestine caused him again totalie up the
jiarently his goal;
Thistinie Constantinople was apbut before he reacheil it he nuisl
have rested a while
at Caiidia.
wanderer's
stall.
According to his own
testimony in tlie preface to Efodi's " Letter, "he was alCandia wlien Ids beloved library wascontiscated by llie Venetian goverMiiient " in the year of tlu- liiirning of the Talnnid " (the latter part of l-iri'-i). "Will II ConstantiMople was tinally reached Akrish found in it a haven cd' safety and rest. The Jewess Esther Chiera, philanthropist and patron of art and
became
letters,
his benefactress, and supjiorted the liberally, especially after the ex-
wayworn Akrish
tensive fire at Constantinople (1569), whiih devoured almost the whole Jewish (piarter. Liiter Akrish was taken into the house of Jo.seph, duke of Xaxos, where his scholarly inclinations and hislov<'of books at last found ample tii'ld foractivity. Record exists of his stay there as late as the year 157i:<, when Jacob Catalain Shem-Tob copied for him Ibn Shaprut's polemic
work "Eben Bohan." Jewish literature is indebted to Akrish for the preservation of several important historic treasures. While at Constantinople, about 1577. he edited a collection of ten documents (afterward callcil "Kobe/. AVikkidiim "), containing notably the siitirical letter addressed by Profiat Duran (Efodi) to his former friend David Kn-Bonet, "Al tehi ka-Abot<'ka " (Be Not Like Thy Fathers), which, as Akrish points out in his introduction, was so deceptive in its irony that Christians for a long while considered it a vindication of Christianity, citing it as " Alteca Boteca." The same volume contained, also, the pro.selyting epistle of the apostate Astruc Kaimuch (Knmciscus Dioscarne) to his young friend En-Slialtiel Bonfas, as well as the sjitirical reply to it by Solomon
Bon fed.
contained the history of Bostanai, the exilarch; the second, that of "Kol Jleba.sser." This last comprised the correspondence between Ilasdai ibn Sliaprul and the king of the Chazars; an account, by a certain Mohanumdan named Ali, of tlu^ Jews who lived near the Sandialion river (.see N<'ubauer. in "Jew. Quart. Rev." i. 420), translated into Hebrew by Moses Ashkenazi of Crete and the letter of F.lijah of Ferrara. ((ierman translalions of this work appeared at Basil, lti(H)-(l; Amsterdam, 1(>M5; Prague, 17(15; a Juda'o (Jerman one made its a]ipeantnce under the title " Kill Wunderlicli (Jescliilclitniss voneinen der hoi (ielieisseii Hoslaiiai," Prague, about 1080-90.) In adililioii toother works, Akrish is .said
.
to have edited a triple of Sougs.
.
.
commentary upon the Song
Bini.KicRAniv fJriltx, rietrh. <l. Juitrn. 3d ed., 1x. 8 ct itrq.. 3W, ;tlC, .'<Ct, .VIS rl «(</.: Ili'njiui>li, (»^ir ha-Srfiirim. pp. 11, Kl: SleliiaihncldiT. ( <i(. Il-xll. i<il. li«M: Azuliil, Sluin lin:
fVriliilliii, uniler yxirlil i/>ii lHH7,pi).S3-,Y>; Ji-ic.yiKirf. 1. Ml.
Alii
Un:
/.iiitrii
xL.^i,
llrflll. Jii'ir/iiirli,
xll.
atl; 11
AKKOX, Ohio mills from in
the burial-ground was purchased the present synagogue building was acquired in April, 1885, and it was dedicated August 30 of the same year. The rabbis of the congregation were Nathan llirsch, October 1, 1865; N. L. Holstein, August 15, 1867; T. Jesselson, 1869; A. Schreier, 1876; D. Burgheini. 1878; S. M. FleLschman, 1880; B. Rabbino, 1886;
- M. Wasserman. 1889; B. Wohlberg, 189'2; D. Klein.
1894; Isadora. Philo, 1896todate. Othercommuiial organizations are: the Schwesterbund (benevolent society), organized 1865 Montefiore Society (literary and social), organiz.ed 1883; Chautauqua Circle, organized 1899; Akron Hebrew Sablmth School (free); Francis Joseph Society, and a Hungarian Charity Association. Akron has also an orthodo.x congregation, which in 1900 purchased a lot on which to erect a synagogue. lH a total of about 50.000 Akron has 225 Jewish families. The vocations followed are those of merchant, bookbinder, public-school teacher, mining engineer, cigarmaker, physician, lawyer, foundryinan, ami bookkeeper. A.
AKSAI (TASHKICHA): A village in the provinteof Tcrsk.
(
Capital of
'leviian<l.
IH.MI.
Ziiiiz,
C. E.
Summit cimnty,
This city was
first
(l.S.
forty
setth'd
by
The Akron Hibrew Congregation organized on .pril 'i. 1H05. and was
(Hefonn) wils iDCorpomted September
It!,
IHtiO.
C)n the latter date
Caucasus, which has a Jewish
in the
community of about
1,000 persons.
These Jews
claim to be descendants of the exiles of Shalmaneser. Their progenitors emigrated in early days from Persia to Daghestan. and thence, in the seventeenth century, to the village of Andrei, where their old burial-grounds are to be found on the Dzuhot-tuba. "the hill of the Jews." As they sulfered much from the persecution of the Mohammedans, they moved to Aksju in 1844. They are mainly merchants, butch-
and tanners.
ers,
Bliii.HKiKAi'iiv
rhemy, Scftr ha-Masa'nt,
see Index;
W.
Miller. MiihfiiiJu il>vn Izni-lii niiin. He.. St. Petersburc. 1S83;
Katz. IH>-
..
Judcn im
AKSAKOV,
Kauha.-<tl,-<, IHtH. p. 7.
IVAN
tt
r>
SERGYEYEVICH
Russian Pauslavist leader; born tJctolier 7. 1823; died at JIoscow. February 8, 1886. Aksakov was one of the founders at Moscow of a circle of Slavo-
whose aim was to restore Rus.sia to the posihad held in the days prior to Peter the Great a position independent of all West European civilization. As a logical consequence, they were opphils,
tion
He then edited (about 1577) a second collection of documents, largely of a historical character. The first part bore the title " Ma'a.sch Bet David." and
Jews
Akiba Trani Aksakov
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
313
—
it
the foreign elements in the population Poles, and, above all, Jews. Though, at first. Aksakov showed some signs of a liberal attitude toward the Jews, he as early as 1862 protested in his paper, the "Den," against the admission of Jewish graduates to the civil service; but at that time he was willing to grant them full civil rights, including that of residence throughLater, his editorials in the same paper out Russia. discussed the Jewish question from the religious (August 8, 1864) and econonnc (July 15, 1867) points Aksakov's attention was again drawn t<i of view. llie Jewish (|Uistiou by the riols in South Russia in l.HMl and he became leaderof the reactionary movement which followed thc^ death of Alexander II. He regarded the persecutions as a just revenge for the privileges granted to the Jews (" Rus," July 1, 1881), and vehemently supported the policv of Genend loNATiEV in promulgating the May Ijiws ( I'i.
posed to
all
of Ru.ssia
— Germans,
June, 1HS2). At this lime Aksakov's inlliience was paramount with both the government and the pre.ss; and there is no doubt that hisattitude towanl the Jewsiussisted Russia in her stubborn resistance to thi' protest of civilized Europe and America against her treatment of
lier
Jewish population.
One
incident of Ak.sa-
kov's campaign against the Jews deservi-s to be In 1S83 he published in l)articularly mentioned.
