THE
327
.IKWISII
thoughts aud confirming the religious bc-
rclijti'niH
of tho Jews. [The liist edition of
HM;
was
tlic
'"Ikkarim" appeared
at
with a ooniinentary oiider tile title of "Olicl Ya'akoli." by Jacob ben 8aiiiucl Koppilnian lien Huiiein. of Brzese (Kuyavia), Freiburg, loS-t, and with a larger commentary (' v./. Slialwl ") by (Jcdeliali ben Solomon Lipschitz, From tb<' later editions the passages Veniee. lOlS. .Siiiicino.
it
piihlislied
conluiiiiMg eritieismson the t'hristiun creed, in Book JII. eliaps. x.w., xxvi., have been e.vpunged by the ciiisor. while Gilbert Geiiebrard wrote a refutation of the sime with valuable notes. This refutation was jiublished with his own remarks by the renegade .lew Claudius Mai, Paris. lotiO (see .S<hlesinger's translation, notes on p. (i(ili). The "'Ikkarim" has been translate(l into (ierman by Dr. V. Schlesinger, rabbi of Sul/liach. and his brother, L. Schlesinger, wrote an introduction to the same, Fraiikfort-ou-theMain, ><U.
A very hv
favorable view of Albo's work is expressed Liiw, " IlaMafteah " (Gross-Kanizsa), pp. Karpeles, "Gescli. der .lild. Lit." pp.
L.
2ilC.--.M)S
Brami, "Geseh. der Juden."
t<ir.-)H18;
ii.
208,
and
Bloeh, in Winter and Wilnsche, "Gesch. der J lid. I,it."
As
78T-T!)1).
ii.
to
dependence
Albo's
on
Creseas, Simon Duran, and others, see ,M. Joi'l. " Don Cha.sdai Creseas" Keligionsphilosopliische Leliren," 7(i-7H, 81, Breslau, 1860; Jaulus, in "Jlonats])]). IJrUll. in his ".lahrschrift," 1874. pp. 4t)2 rt wq. bUelier," iv, 52; and Seheehter, in "Studies in JudaK.] ism," pp, 107, 171, :!)2, and notes 19 aud 24.
Ilii(i.iof;R,rMV; TiinztT. Dt*' IttlitjiouitithiUntnphU' iIca Jnufph Alliii. I'resliuiK. I«»l: Muiik. .Wl(iii(;r,«. p,."iOi ; (iriitz, Gc.<c;i. il.Jwhn.M iil..vill, ll.i .( .V. 7,. t,i;-I«7 : M. ELslpr, IVrff. ™ii(;i II lll„r ilii- Jli.l. I'hilnx'iiihdi ilc.1 Mitti:UttUrs. 111. 1S« lY Hfi/.', Kaufiiiiinii. (it'tcit, ilt'v .tttri/iiiffii/t/irf. Index. «.r.; liliTii, liii Siiiiii:. iiiili'.x. ,s.i'.; s. Ilu(k, Jtmcph Alim. Iln»lau, IStlB;
Her.
Slcwhtcr, The D<niina» of Judaiism, 13) <(
I.
111
Jew.
yi«i7-f.
«<</.
E. G. H.
ALBY of the
(Ii
(ALBI)
Ancient cathedral town, capital Tarn, France, forty -two miles of Toulouse. It gave its name to tho
paitiiiriii
111
northeast famous Christian .sect, the Albigenses, wiiose struggles against the Church of Koine were so fatal to the Jews of ,southern France. At the council licld at Alby in 12.")4 for the purpose of exterminating the adherents of that .sect, the most barbarous decrees were promulgated against the Jews. In 1321) the ginall Jewish community of Alby. together with the
communitiesof Bordiau.x and othertowns. wasanniliilated during the I'vsriii ui;rx riots. The Jews, informed of the advance of the I'astoureaiix. took refuge in C'astel-Narbonnais. Hearing that the I'astoureaiix hud been arrested liy the <ount of Toulouse, they left patched to them a
them
«helt<r
in the
the
The mayor
cjistle.
relation forlilied
of
his
in
desto
orih-r
town of Carcas.sonne
but tile messenger, animated by a Imtri'd of the Jews, delivered them to their enemy, who slaughtered
them
all.
Bini.ioiiK.irilY
(aV; •t:mrk
Miiniliiri. .Srr(ji(iir<»
lia-ltitliii. e.l.
WK-ikt,
p.
Umim
HI.
I.
Bii.
town seven mills asi iif Sivillr, Spain { one lime it had II small Ji-wish coininunity. whose synagogue was
.V
I
liy
Fermnd Marline/, in members snon after were put
order of .Vrchdeacon
Decenilier, llilMl. to the sword.
Its
JI.
ALCALA DE HEN ARES A
New
Casiilr, Spain, silimlid uii
K.
walled town
the right
the Ileuares. about seventeen miles
the aichliishoii of Toledo, who exercised the right to nominate its rabbis aud appropriated part of the tjixes thai t he Jews were obliged to contribute, which, in 1291. amounted to 0.800 maravedis (about §23,000) in gold. The Oidiiianccof Alcala, issued. in 1348, by Alfonso XI. of Castile, is well known for its important inlluciice on Spanish-Jewish history. The com-
munity of Alcala pos.ses.se(l several synagogues; the largest stood on the Callede la Xinoga ("Synagogue Street"), in which, as well as in the Calle jlayor In Street"), the .Jews had their dwellings. the courtyard of a large house in the Calle Mayor was a small synagogue; and between the Calle Jlayor and the Calle de Santiago the Jewish slaughter-house was situated. Jlenahera b. Zerah lived here as rabbi
("High
from
l;!lil-08.
A convert.
Peio Ferrus, who delighted in writing former coreligionists, once
satirical verses u|ion his
lampooned the rabbis of Alcala. Ecjual to the occasion, the rabbis answered him in good Castilian poetry (Kayserling. " Sepliardini." ]). 73; Griltz, "Gesch.
Juden," 2ded.,
(I.
from
in
.Mailrid;
the Uni-
—
—
HiBLionR,iriiv
Jwlt tiir//,
pp.
Ziinz, In Zcilfchrift f.
tithiDit.f.
1.
l-ll;
liiria, .wll. 1.S4
l:iS: JaitKi^
<1.
WiMicnKcliaft
ilea
Simrefs (if SiHtnush-Jewinh Hi*-
lifilctin de hi Ileal AeailemUi ile hi Iltttct Kca.; Asher b. Jeblel, Ite.-ptituxt, No. L'. S UW.
M. K.
ALCALA LA REAL:
.V
town
in Jaen. Spain,
which sheltered a few Jews in the Middle Ages, and was the birthplace of Alfonso de Alcala. so piomineut in the preparation i>f the Polyglot Bible. M. K.
ALCAN, EUGENE:
French litterateur, painter, whoembraceil Christianity; born in Paris Ile was "a brother of Alin 1811 died about 1898. plionse Alkan; but the reason for the ililTereiiee in the orthography of the family name has never been explained. .Vlean was the author of the following Souvenirs de works; (l)"La Legeiide des .iiies (^uehiues Conferences de Saint Vincent de Paul" " lji Flore Prinlaniere: Souvenirsdu Ber(1879); (2) ceauel de la Premiere Knfance"( 18.82); (3)" Ui Flore
and
poet,
du
Trails Canicteristii|Ues de (juel(|iies
Calvaire:
(18.84);
(.()
"
Les Cannibalesct
Temps: .Souvenir de la Campagnede rOceiinle sousleCommandmit .Marceau. Capilainede Fregato" (1887); (5) "Lestininds Devouemenlsi't I'lmpol du Sang" (I8!K)); and (0) " Hecits luslructifs du Pero Leiir
Balihazar"
(|8!»2).
niiii.i«iiii.iMiv ilei
AVriiioiii
I>e (iulx-niutbi, ilii
DIctlotniaIre Inlcriiallunal
Jiiiir, s.v.
V.U.
ALCAN, FELIX
bank of
From
viii. 82|.
versity of Alealil the famous Polj-glot Bible was issued during the years 1514-17. JIany renegade Jews had a share in the compilation of tliis extraordinary work, which, from the proximity of Complutum an ancient Komau town was called also the Comjilutensian Bible. The most prominent among the Jewish collaborators were Alfonso de Zainora. who lived here from 1514 to 1544 and Paulo ('oronel and Alfonso de Alcala, who made the Latin translation. The inagniticent palace built hereby Cardinal Ximenez of Cisneros. at whose expense the work was undertaken, until recently contained the state records; and in its spacious halls were to be found, admirably arranged, the records of the victims of the Iiu|iiisitiiin. There are several other cities in Spain that bear the name Alcala.
Voies Douloureusi's" Ilnlicnnim,
tii.
ALCALA DE GUADAIRA
ra/ed
In the Middle Ages Jewish community was under the jurisdiction of
birthplace of Cervantes (1547). its
lit'ls
Albo. Joseph Alcan, F^Uz
ENX'YCLOPEDIA
V.
French publisher and .scholar; gnindson of Gersoli born at Metz. March 18. IK-U Levy, autiior of "Orgiie el Pioutim," and son of a well'kuowu publisheriil Jlet/.. 1 laving tluished his
