THE JEWISH ENXYCLOPEDIA
383 excommunications
(A*>;wh),
and hogging (malkot);
in
mattersit exclusively pronounced judgment on questions pertaining to personal relations and succivil
cession. Tlienuikaildam executed the sentences. In civil matters other than those involving personal relations, the rabbinical tribunal was not necessarily the
authority; the .Moslem cadi had the same ])ower if the parties concerned were agreed in bringing their dUferences to him, or when only one of the The administration of religlitigants was a Jew. ious matters was entrusted to various officials, hiersf)le
TUK 6YNAUUUCE AT
Algeria
val Europe, and called by various names: harrnh and shitrah in the provinces of Algiers andConstantine;
and the the
in the
province of Oran,
inclhih,
which
is still
name that it hears in Morocco. Among the tribes, Jews lived apart imder the authority of the sheik.
was wretched and precarious, and underTurkish than Arabic domination. Distinction, of course, must be made between the Leghorn or Frankish Jews and the native. The Turks imposed on the latter the most dillicult drudgery without compensation, and subjected them to endTheir
more
.situation
.so
.LUIKRS.— SE.TRV IIELIEK IHKl.M; TIIK ItloTS (ItW).
nrcliical in character, in the following order: {lizhir. The tirslliad the care of the synagogue
gn/j/mi, hiiher.
and supervised the expenses attendant on the servIn certain cities the title of gizbar was merely honorary and was purchasable through donations. The gablmi and the haber attended to mortuary ceremonies, and thi- latter took an imporIt was his ihily tant part in marriage edibralions. to conduct the bride from her parents' home to the
ice.
residence of her hu.sband. The revenues of the community were at first derived from t;i.ation oiiaitiflesof consimiption levied on certain trades (llii- butcher's traile and the sale Collections and vobuilary gifts of Piussover bread). supplied the rest. There were generally four large collections a year: at llie New yi ar. for the housing of the poor; on Ynm Kipjuir eve. for foo<l for the poor; at Hanukkah. for clothes for the poor; at i'urlm, for defniying the expense of the Pa.s,sover. The Algerian .lews were forced to reside in a restricted quarter, analogous to the Ghetto of medic-
They were ollieially obliged to annoyances. special costume: i sliufhiali, i skullcap of dark-colored cloth, a gniy bunioose, and shoes without heels (Ir/iiirjii or IhIHiii). The women dre.s.s<'d in a caftan, without the veil worn by Moslem women to cover their faces. Kill ranee into the moscpies was al)soluteIy prohibite<l to Jiws. and befon'Cirlain parlieuliirly venenileil mos<iui-s they were ompelh'd to They were forbidden lo ride taki' olt Iheir shoes. upon a horsi'. an animal set apart for Moslems only, and couUI u.se only as,ses or mules; nor weiv ridingsaddlis permitted, merely pack saddles and panniers. Through Iheir uiukaildani. they had to pay to the Mosli-ni autliorilies Ihe laxis imposed by Islam on "Ihe I'eopleof Ihe Book." Ill cerlain eilles Ihey were subjeeled also to the same taxation as Ihe Moslems. At .Mediali, lhe.<///.ini;;i/i. payable by Ihe entire population, was apportioned equally to the Jewish ami less
wear a
(
Moslem
coiiiiiuinities. ihelattir nvimlH'ring six thouthe former only six hundre<l. Heligiuus uutugonism and t he scorn of iLc Moslems
siuid,
