systems) it became sharply toward the
ii
Mem
A. Soeln, Die SHiiahiniiehrift.in Zeit. Dntlfch. Pal/lnt. Ver. xxll.Ol if Kcy.: >l. l,ld/liarsicl,Z'ir.Sili«i;iiii«/inr(,ln Ephe-
simple stroke, wliieh «as bent
most modcru eursive branches out at the bottom, and
riijlit
script." Final in its latest stage is
iu the
ineriK,
drawn out cither to the left or same development also took^plaee. but it afterward became again a simple In order to write 'A.V'n without removing circle. the pen from the surface, its two strokes were joined with a curl. The two 7V's spread out in a marked As to ?ii(k the right-hand head is imide nourish.
The
altogether.
letters n. 1.
H.
].
Adiiniphelet
Sn.nl.1. L. 1. Euyptiun Origin nt AlplmliPt Zur GfschU)itf (Irr niichxlalu iisi liriti, K'niii-'sln'it.'. 183S; Arehlldluaie ihr Hihrilir. i. :Ki < r m ./.. K.iiiii.'>1«ti;. Atiilinh, l,s. in 185.i; J. OlslKiilsen. f'hir ilrii Urximi mi il' lirui-'s.li. ('/") II. PhiloUiliniisih: SUKlini. i.. Kill. IMl Id" I t^iit i^'iilf 1 1' I'll •l'>Si}iri It. in Vinliow-HuitzcnBililuiHI
•<
Sdiniiihi
mid'
in fill
II
ix^iiisiliii III ir til r i'lirt/iVi/i.
series
No. 1)4, Hi'iliii. isiis; Km. ill- niiug<: Miniuircniir I'Oriuine Etimiliinni lie VAhihiihil I'hiiiiiicn. I'uris, 1874. Assyrlun OriRin o( Alpliuliet Deirlse, Dcr Vrxpruufi (Its AUnemtliischeu Alphal>r.t>iauit(Ur Seimmirii:hcii Ki ilFriedrich Dc.vc/in/(. In Z. D. M. G. xxxl. 103 et .if «/. lllzsch, Dii- Knl.ilfliiina <lf»Altentcn Sihriflsiixli ins. pp. TJl et acq., Leipsii-. Is'.iT; II. ZInimern, Ziir Fnnn iinrhilrin Vr-
iii.
2.
.
Aliiliuhil.i.in 7.. D. M. '.'. I. IK il sni.: Bull. TJie Oriiiin (if the I'heiiiriaii Alfnliet. in i'iof(C((i)i('» "f tlis
Soc. Bihl. Arch. xv. 3.
- i<i--'-4iis.
Iliiiulhiirh iter Neirel.iemitl.vhen EpHiri'l'hili, '• 'ii' et sn/.. willi tin- nuiiierniis wurks mi theinli. ( f.illcwinL'iiiv lln- ni.sl prciiiimrit scriptlun, of whicll the Clermimt-Cianneau. Let .S7.7. i/. Dhihiin mi SIrli <liM<-i,i. Ilm ISTO : Tli. Nnlil.'kc Iiie liixehiifl ile.i K<'iiiil.'< (le Miiiili. I'arls, run Mnab, Kiel, IHTii K. SchlcittriKiriii. Die .si. (/. .w.ViWc Mem'H. KiinidK iter Mmihilir. Hiillc. IKTii; li. Sim-iicl iind A. SiK'in. Di. In.iehrifl ilm Knniiii Mesn rem Mnah. FreiStele de Mena, In burg, i. B. ls.sii vb. (Icrnicint-iianneau, Jeiiniml Asi'illiiiie. series vill., vol. ix. 7-' ('( ,sf Q. ; A. Nordlander. Die In.ielirifl ih.i Ki'niiiis .^tesu roii .Vi»i'>. Lcipslc.
MoablteStone: Liclzharski,
Mem
Lu
189«; A.Sociiiandll. }hii/.ini:rr. Zur Mesiiiitsehrifl. Ilnietite ither die Viihiinilliiini ilir Kiniiulieheii (ie.-'ell.-'eliiill dir Wi.iKeiisehiitt ill Leijiziy. IX'.n. pp. 171 et neq.; M. Litlzliai-skl. Etn. .(ieliiirUfiniii iter MeKeiiiiKchrifl.in Ephemeri.i fUr 4.
Seiniti.'<elie h'liiiiniijhili^ 1. 1 et seq. Sllnam Insi-ription: K. Kaiilzsc-li, Die Silniihiii.ichrtft in Zeit. DcuLicli . FaUI.'it .Vcr. i: Ur> et .<(</., ullioi sei/. iwltli ri'imiduitionsbv(".SchickandA.Soi-in);H.(iiHhi-. Die .<iliuiliiii.-^eliriH.
.TXXVi. TS, et .leii.: K. .1. I'IU'Ii.t. The Dale i.f eeh. xix. the Sit'inm luscriiitiem. in Vroeenlliiiis.'^ue. Bihl. 165 et scq. : C. U. render. Date uf the SiUmin Te.rt, ib. pp. -'(H <( SOI. ; E. J. Pllclierand E. Davis, ilii the Date iif the Sihiiiiit
in Z.
b. M. G.
A
Inxcription In Pal. Erpliir. Fund, Quarterly Statement, pp.5«et8cg., 70; Cli. Clermont-tianneau, ib. pp. 158-1B7:
1898,
Elaina.i.
Edxde
series Hi., vol. xxx. 344 et
de Aliaz
et
de Pelthai, Re-
aur Xnmxd^hhmacl
Funim
157 et acq.; (Juatrc i'imr.<iiir Seeaujr li Livcndex Semiliquet!, lb. pp. 188 ft acq. : I.ldzl.aiNkl. Kiilicnierin, 1. in f( neq.
8.
Coin Inscriptions: M. A.
Maddon.
1863; Fr.
I.clpsir,
I,ivv. Ge-^ch. ('..iii.^
>(
der JUd. Mtlmen, London, 1881
the ./i iis,
il/olllioiis./iiiri.'i. I'uris. 1SS7.
7.
Th. Keinach, Lcs Zendifirli or sinjirli
liisiri|itloiis ,4 ii.vi/iii;.i(ii|70i in Sfniiy/iniii.si/ij/tli.ii till Auflraqe des
.lii.v|/rn»ir(
.ii')iii/i,
idiil
J. llalevy. Deux Dnenl-r.iiiiili-.t 211 lleiiin, 1., Berlin, ISSH Iiiseriiiliiiiis Seiiiitique.i de Zindjirii In Rerue Semilique, 1. 77 it .«!.(.; ;,..< />! ii.r Iiiscriiiliiinx }{eti'eiine.i de Ziniljirli, lb. 3.". I r seq.; D. ILMililer, pp. l:iS,(s,i/..3IS,( .SI./..:)!'.!'* .M !(.. II. Die Alt.'teiniti.vhcii Iiisehrideii nui Snnhehirli, in W. Z.
K.M.
iii.:£)i(,<ii|.,
W.iet
sei/.: Tli. .NT.Iili-ki'. ;(.
i.i.
- .iiii{;.'ii
I
.
inSdzutwu-
der Prcmisischcn Akudciiiie der triitsenKchaftcn. M. Lidzliarski, Ilandlnieh, I. 440 e( scq..
lieriehte IsiKi. pp.
11151 et seq.; tallies xxii.-xxiv.
II.
8.
H,
W.Z.K.M.X.
Die llaiiin.iehrilleii des llnr-rehuli, in seq.; K. Siuliaii, .4 riiiiii'/i.-i'fi.- I nscliriften,
Mi'lller,
Wiet
ju
D.M.O. Uar
den^?-niiii7i.<i'(ifii Iii.ychrifleii roii Seiiil.-iehirliinZ. xlvil. lUiiV .•<i.(.: .I.Hali'.vv, 1,11 I'leiniere Diserlpliiin dc Relioiih. /(.I'll, it Corrii;.'. in llrr. Sein. iv. 185 ct seq.: D.
Inseriptions:
Araniaie 1S3 •(
Cli.
rieniiont-Canneau, Z-cs SUle*
de Ac irah fy ude.t d' .1 rcln'nliiqic Orientale. 11. Album d'AutitiuUt.^ Urientalci. tables!., il. Paris,
iii'.i
.sii(.;
1S'.I7 (i. Hoflmann, Aramtiixche Inschriftcu auK Iferfib hei All iqin. in Jiiurnal Ariatique.xi. 20etscq.; M. Lldzbarskl, Haiiilliuch. 1. 44.5. 11. table xxv. Scfcr Taqhiu. Liber Cnrnmilarum 9. Letter ornaments: ed. J. J. L. Bargts, Paris, IWlti; Derenbourg, In Journal A.iiatiiiue, series vi., vol. ix. 346 ct scq. 10. Hebrew Inscriptions: Oirpm Inncriptionum Hehraicanim.cols. 18-21 Babelon and Schwab, in liev. tt. Juive»Av. Zeitschrift filr KcHnchriftfor1115 (( seq.; Hvvernat, in seliiinq. ii. 113tt .t./.: (iriinlmuin. iti. pp. SUctsfq. : Niildeke,
.
.
.
ib.
3il5 et
pp.
w./.,
ii.
seq.
V.Viet seq.;
sii).. xlil. .'>83 ft
Schwab. In /drill' i(',4»i)AnVi!iii7if, i. 117 et Prueeedinqs Sue. Bibl. ^rc/i. xil. 382ct llarkavv, in " Zapi.ihi" of the (Jriental
.sf./.
of the Petersburg Archieol. Society, iv. K! ft scq.; Laoau, in lievue d'AssurinliHlic. Hi. 49 ct scq.; Wohlstein, In
sHition Zeit.
f.
As.<iiir. rtli.
313 ct
sec/., ix.
11 ct scq.; Friinkel, ib. Ix.
f I scq.
- )IVH
Papvri : Steinscbneiiler. Hebrili.iehe Papiinisfra^ 11. liieiile iiiisili III Fiiilllliin, in .eiiii)itisihe 7.i ilsehrifl. xvii. 93 el seq.. aii.l table vii.; ( '. /. //. cols. I'_'u. ( ,v. ./.: Kniian and Krebs, Alls den rapiirus iter Kiniiqlicheii ,Vii.<iiii. p. 390. Bcriin,
Hebrew
For the Hebrew papvri in The CiiUcctinn see D. H. Miiller and D. Kaufmann, in r Samiiihniq ihr Piiji|/nw Erzherznq die Saininliinu. etc. pp. ill Fnliyer diireh der l.i'iiiT.il Sourc.'s: liesciiiiis. (.'..-iMidt.
uf Erzherziiii
IM'.m.
lliiiiier.
Mitlcihamen
alls anil
3111
f ( Hiq.;
111.
xprung
1. 8.')
I'liehel Isniehli Aeeliaiifue el reiliiil'ilinii, ill. pp. ;i'd l-Tvl; Cniiiptes.reniluy, 18!»8, p. 812; I.idzliiiiNki. Iliiiiilhneh. |i. IMl: c li. (liTMiinil-Canneau, Secau de '.Loti/ii/iiik. Uectieil l.iracliU iiu .Vow d'Aliiqiid.
A rameen
sehiitz,
...iii,«
Secau de
cuedii Pi-
(orff.
Cachet Unu'lite aiir
neq.:
inthe
Bibliography:
Irieiilille,
.
vl. 'ilC; (li.cicniinnl-iiiiiini-nii. l.e Elichiiii. in /(. rii. ,1 1 r)i.'"("i;i'/ni-,
was introduced, the selection of a type depended ui)on the same conditions as
13; see Bibliography 12).
t
(
printing
Square cas'e of the execution of manuscripts. or block letters were cast for liiblicul and other important works; in the various countries different models for letters were often followed one form was preferred at one time, another at another; however, the style selected by the Ashkenazim prevailed and maint"ained its preeminence over "Kashi" all the other.s. Hooks of a secondary character, works which accompanied Script. another text, such as commentaries and the like, were jirinted in the cursive; and here a style of tvpe became popular which very closely rese'mbled the Hispano-African cursive (compare Plate IV.. col. 9). Since the script occurs ofteuest in commentaries on the Bible and the Talmud by Rashi, For the it has become known as the Riishi script. printing of .ludanj-German texts, a further development of the Ashkenazi alphabet, called " WeiberDeutsch," has been created (compare Plate V.,col.
ElmleH d'Areheolinlie
heads. style of
in
luricht der Iterlincr Alid<lemir der Wis^ensvliaflen, l.s!l«,p. li»U B. siade. I 'it im Jahre ism: I'idilizirte AltneiniliM-he Sieqehteine, in Zeil-vhrift der AltlextiiinenttUher II'Ltii'iiiii7i(ir(, xvll. an it seq.; A. 11. Savci-. Nnte nil the Seal Einind at (ipliel in /'il(. Eiphir. Eiiiiil. Qiiinterlii Slalenient. 181(7, li-niiiml-lianneBU, p. 181 et sii;.: (urtliiT roiiiniunlcutlons by Pllrlier, and .savre, i;i.pp.:iiM et Keq.; I 'omj4. .•<-i in'ii."!' I'-ilcali.'iiiii i(i.v /ii« riyif I..II.1. IS1I7, pp. :I74 it «'/•: Iteeue Itdilique,
have undergone little modilication: they have been rounded out and simplified by the omission of the
When
.
U. BrQnnow, ^DIteihln^|en den Di iilseli. l'iild.it. Ver. 18U«, pp. 4 (( «(<)., pp.;;i<(jiri(.;Cli.Cleniioiii-i.iiiin'-iiu. I'll iVrin I'mu Caehet Archnieiue.in Ueviie ,l)i(i.n;.,|,ci,ii., series 111., vol. xxvlll.348: E.Sarliaii. AramOinelir In.-'eluitten.in Sttzungs-
D.
J. 1.
.
.
longer, at first only to a small degree, but later on to a considerable extent. In the beginning S/iiii develops similarly tothesjune letter in the Nabaticau, but afterward "the central stroke is lengthened upward, like the right arm of Zude. and linally it is joined with the left stroke, and the tirst stroke is left olV
et iteq.
1. .'W
Inscriptions on Seals: M. A. Ij'vy. Sieuel und Gemmcn Inmil Araindigehen. Phrini2ii>ehen, Althilirdmehen fehriflen. Bn'.slau, isilil I'll. Cleniiont-tianneau, Sccaitx el Caehits /..ni.litix, Phiniciciw. et .s'l/nViix, In Jimrnal A»ialiiiiii. l«i. I. la it .s(<;., .'KM <(«<<(., 11. ;XM c( «(«.; LeSceau de iihiiiliinhau. Eiinetinnnairc liiiiial Iiirai'lile, In Hevue Areliiiilmiiiine, series 111., vol. v. 1; Ximeellex Ditailles a L'}enile.^ SemHique.t, Ciimpte/*-rcndiM de I'Aeadt-mie dcs Diicriptiiin.'i. isse, pp. iTietseq.. IWH, pp. 1:11 f( ivq.; Ph. Berner, i/i. p. 340; 111. Cleniionl-duniiiau, Lc Secau de
5.
In Sinu/c the
down.
straiu'ht
448
THE JEWISH EN'CYCLOPEDIA
Alphabet
13.
ill
Sieiiihe mill .<ehrift. pp.
Krilisihi sl
II
Beh
i:lT et
/Jniiic r. I. it seq.
- !8,
tielirdi.tehen
seq.. I.cilisic. 1S15: II.
Hupfeld,
F.iiiiijir Diiiilnlii und Mis-TcrAlttesliiini llti.irhi il Te.rtqe.-ichicllle In
iieliliiiui
mil' lie II StiUeii
ihr
Theiiliiqi.'iehe Sliiilien
und Krilihi
de Vngiic. L'Aliihiilii
Heliraliiiieel r.ilphabct
I
lltriic .{reliiiiliiiiiiiiie.
new
n.
ill. 3.')n
iiiani. /•;.«iii .iiirt.i /'roji.u/iiiioii 1~! et seq.. 3i!l it .1.1;., Paris, i.
iti
it
.ii<;.:
Marqllls
Aranlcen. In
LenorV Aljihabet I'hinicicn, Ad. Ni-llbauer. The
series, xi.
lir.i
it
.If.;.
Fr.
1S75;
Square Cliaractcrs in Bilitinil ^tam^Sludia Bibllea. ill. 1 it sf i;.; Ph. Berger. Ili.iUnre
Iiitriuhicliiin nf the seriiits. in
de I'^critnrr dans ('.4H(i.(i(iti'. 3d ed., pp. 18.S ft .-a.;.. Paris, 1892; M. Lldzbarskl. Handlmch. i. 18:i f t sfq., 189 et scq.; Leop. Li'iw. tVrap/ii.'tf/ic Ileqnisitennvd Erzeufpii.ise bei den Juden. 11.38 ft sc/i., Leipsic, 1871; M. Stelnschneider, Vorle-
svngcn
liber die
KumlcHcliraischerHandschriftcn,vp.Z!et
