Alphabet Alsace
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
Lihrhurh dcr 7f wAtle Trglamnit, xth ed.. pp. IM f( «<v., U'lpslc. imW: B. Sladc. Lchrhucli id r ft «';.. UMpsIc, 1S79; Bl«'k Helirtliivhf It (iramriuilili.l. and Wellhiiiispii, FAiitiilinnj in ii<w Alte IV,«/<iiiif h(, 'ith IfW
ftq.. I^lpslc,
1)1'
Wi>tle-S<-hni<ler,
tnrinch-kriliMhen KinUilung in
ilitg
—
Nil.. Bfrlln. IK-^l; C. S<'liliittiiiann. Srhrifl uiid Scliriflzfiehi II In Itlfliin's //diKiici'ird r/nic/i ilt.s IfililiHchcn iHl.. pp. Hill i (;<ii/. ; H. L. Stnuk. Silireilikurmt Allrrtiiin.i. mill Sihiifl liri ihii llttirllirn In Iiitil-t:niihhiji!UHc fllr
ed.. pp.
.ii < '
M
of Hi'hH'W Chwulscin.
M
Facslnillfs ( .«..;. cil.. xlil. iKIl niav 1h> found In tin' f"iiovinjr works If^l '( "III- In Oriinliil Sn-iin nf Ilie I'lilmtirapliieal Siiriitji. I.<.n(lnn, IKT.VHi:
Ih-iilrxliiiilisihi Thiiihuiii.
.
iiiiiiiusi-ript.s ('.
/.
//.
PlMimtinnnafthe
Stcinsi'lini'ldiT, ('11(0(1 v"'" "f ""' Ililnnr Mmiiisrriijl.i nf till- Liliiiiri(.i of J^niden (18.")S), .V«»ii-(i (ls7."ii, and lifiUn, t. (1HT81: Neubaucr. Cat. liodl. llihr.MSS. (facsimiles); B. Sladc. lioKh. den Viilk(s Iin-arl, I. Berlin, 1HX7. For a coinpli-ie lilliliography see M. Stelnsclnielder In IVnlriillikitl fllr For table.s of alphabets /ii/»(i'»((ii/v.i(('c.ic(i, Iv. l.Vi »( ,117/. Pi(lfo(;rn))/iico/ Sufiilll, Ix.t.wii. ,«i'e /'li'illoil(ii>ll,'i of tjif (EutlngI; Blckell and Ciirtl.'is, intlUnes nf Ihliriw Oramnull, Lelpslc ISTT: Eutinir, in (Vn-piw Inncriritinmim Ilehraicnmm; Neubauer, The Introduclion of tlte Sfiitarc
Characters (Brunnow).
454
Provencal, tenth century. 8, Italian, tenth century. 9. Greek, dated 137.5. 10. Italian, dated 14.51. II. Italian, tenth century, 13. Eleazer of Wonns. N":"i ^iiD. 12. (iennan, tenth century. copied at Home In 1.515 liy Ellas Levlta, (7emian-Ashkenazlc, British Museum. Additional hanuscr. of 27199 (Paleographical Society, Oriental series Ixxlx.). 14. Aslikenazlc from the nineteenth century. M. Li.
ALPHABETTJM SIRACIDIS. I'sKt
See SraACH,
11.1,
ALPKON, JACOB: jarain
Iliiliaii
tniiislator; died
Dec.
He adapt 11 ami translated into Italian Hen" ben Abraham nf Stjliiik's "Mizwot Nashiin
22, 1(122.
1
Women)
for the use of Jewish Avomcn translation became very popiihir and went through several editions at Padua and Venice (1C25, 16.')2, and 1710). The name Alpron is cor-
(Precepts for in Italy.
The
rupted from neilpiin = neilbronn. BinttooRAPHY
.fona(K»c/in/(,
xllll.
317; Fiirst,
BiW.
Jiid.
1.49.
J.
(Old
Hebrew and Samaritan.)
2. Seals and (ieins see BlblloRraphy and 1. Mesba Stone. Lidzbarski, Ifandhuch, Plates 111. 1, xlvi. :!. Slloani Inscription. Coins. iUTorilinir to Madden. 7. Inscription from 'Amudas. 8 11. InsiTipiions from the llfth century: compare Lidzbarski, Iliindhuch, 1. 440 ami Berper, Htitnire df rf-j-rihnx. 2d ed., pp.
- SKI (( feq.
lu. Samaritan-rentateuch Maniisi-ript of the year 1219, Hebrew and Arabic, accordinfj to the lirkidal scrifK vol, iiWiciidVwis of tin: i'aleouraphical Sncictux.wiil. in the
4-(>.
f
Plate (Oriifin
and Development
II.
of the
Hebrew Square Alphabet.)
Inscriptions of Zenjirli. 2. Inscriptions of Nerab. 3. Inscriptions on weights and clay tablets. 4. Inscriptions from compare Lidzbarski, /7i(ni(/>tic/j, i. 446; and Asia Minor; Ephfmirix,i.o9ct saj. h. Insi-riptions from Arabia ; see C.I.S. ti. Inscriptions and papyri from Egypt, C. I. >». ii. II. 113-11.5. 7-8. Palmyrene Inscriptions ; compare Lidzbarski, 122 ft sai. Ilandhuchy it., plate x,vli. et seq. 1.
Plate
III.
(Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions.) 2. Inscriptions on ossu1. Inscription from 'Arak-el-Einlr. according to C. /. H. plate iv. 193. 3. C. I. H. 2 (Gezerl and:S. i.C.I.H. 6 (Bene Hezin and « (I'iazai. .i. 17(Kefr BIraim). 0. Inscriptions from Palmyra. 7. Inscriptions on the Catacombs of Venosa. 8. Tumulary in.scriptlons from Brindisi, seventh century. 9. Tumulary inscriptions from Aden, Gti.
aries,
Plate
IV,
(Manuscript Writing.) 1. Babylonian Codex of the Prophets in St. Petersburg. 2. Manuscript of Sirach. 3. Pentateuch with Targum from Babvlonla or Persia, twelfth century. British Museum, Oriental, 1407, (According to Paleofrraphical Society, Oriental series liv.) 4. Manuscript of the l'rophe(s. from Persia. Babylonia, or Southern Arabia, twelfth century. British Museum, Hari. MS. .5720 (l*aleivprapliical Society, Oriental series xl.). .5. Haftarot with the Targum .lonathan from Southern Arabia from the year 14M. 6. Hagiographa with Rashl. (ierman (.slikenazii. of the year 1347. Cambriilge Iniversity Library, Ee 5, 9 Paleographical Society. Oriental series xli.i. 7. Modem (ierman script of the nineteenth century with ornamental flourishes or strokes. 8. Papyri from Egypt. 9. MS. alphabet of theTahaliioiilm (.frican Sephardlci of l2S2. British Museum, Additional Manuscr. of 27113 (Paleographical Six-ietv, oriental series Iv.). 10. Scfer haMiMinl written at Mustaghanem (Algeria). In i:i63-64. Cambridge I'niversity Libr., Cod. 1 1. 22 (Paleographical Society, Oriental series XXX.). '11. See 5. 12. Epigraph from a Karaite Pentateuch roll from Theodosia (Crimea), about 132.5 (C 7. II, 1:18). 13. IlHsbi on Baba Mezl'a, written probably at Mosul (betraying the iiilluenceof atireek-Ashkenazi handi in lllHl. British Museum, irieiital. 73. (According to Paleogniphical Six-iety series XV.). 14. Taliiuid Yemshalml.wriltenat Rome In 12S*<-.S'.t(italianAshkenazi hand). Leyden I'niversitv Library. Cod. Hebr. ScaIlger 3. Paleographical Society, Oriental series Irt. 15. Menahem. 3/iiJ'.i/>fro(, probably written in France in 1091 (FrenchAshkenazltv-pe). British Mu.senm. Additional Manuscr. of 27214. (According to the Paleographical Societv, oriental series xlil.) 16. Snnak, copied by U. Mosi's of Zurieli iKiench-Ashkenazli, In 1401. Cambridge Unlversitv Librarv. Additional Manuscr. No. 660 (Paleographl(al Society, Oriental series Ixviii.) . 17. See 6. (
(
I
I
Plate
V.
(Cursive Writing.) 1. Incantation upon Babvlonian dish, in C. T. B. 18. 2. Egyptian of the twelfth century. 3. Constantinople, 1.506. 4. Tenth century. .5. Spanish, date 14S0. 6. Spanish, tenth centurj'. 7.
AL-BABI IBN ABU AL-HTJKAI?:
S.
R.
.Je^vish
IJanual-XuiUiir in .Midiiia, who tlourbefore the Ilegira ((i22). His family was in possession of the fort Al-Kammus, sittiated near Kliaibar. Like most of tlie Medina Jews, he took part in the quarrels between the two Arab tribes of that town, and was present at tlie battle of I5u'aih. 617, which took place in the territory of the Banu Kurai/.a. Al-Rabi 5vas a poet of nolo. He had a conlest at capping verses with the famous Arabic poet. Al Nabijihah. the latter reciting one hemistich, while Al-lJabi had to supply the next, keeping to the same meter and finding a rime. He has been credited wit h the authorship of other poems, but upon dubious authority. One of these poems used to be recited by Abun, the son of the Calif Othnian. From its contents, however (it criticizes the folly of his own people), it seems more likely to have been written by one of Abiin's sons, who bore the same name as Al-Rabi, It might, then, have been compo.sed after the submission of the Banu Kuraiza. Al-Rabi's brother Sallam and his three sons were among Mohammed's most bitter opponents. An account of Al-Riibi can be found in vol. x.i. of the Kitabal-Aghani, ed. Brilnnow, p. 91. He is cited among the Arabic Jewisli poets by Closes ibn Ezra in his " Kitab al-Jludhadarah" (" Rev. 6t. Juives." xxi. 102). Steinsehneider can hardly be right in saying that he was a Moslem (".Jew. Quart. Rev." xi. (109, note 1). as the Arabic authorities are poet of
llic
ishiHl shortly
about his Jewish origin.
ijuite certain
BiBLiOGRAPnT Noldeke, Bcitrtlac zur Kenntniss der PoeMe dcr altcn Arabcr. pp. 72 ct geq.; Hlrschleld, In Eev. £f.
Juives,
vll. 1.52, 299.
H.
ALROY,
or
ALB.UI,
DAVID
HiK.— G.
(called
also
El
David and Menahem ben Suleiman ibn Alrulj.i) A pseudo-Messiah who lived about 1100; bora
at Amadia in Kurdistan. lie became tliorotighly prolicient in Biblical and Talmiidie knowledge, studying under Hisdai. the Prince of the Exile, and tmder Ali, the head of the Academy in Bagdad. lie was versed in the literature of the Moslems and
known
as a
worker of magic.
The condition of the califate in
the days of Alroy afforded a ready opportunity for a venturesome character to stir tip political tumult. The crusades had caused a general condition of unrest and a weakening of the authority of the sultans of Asia ilinor and Persia. On all sides there arose spirited chieftains who set tip small independent states in defiance of their paramount ruler. This state of affairs was in itself a source of disturbance among the Jews of the califate, and was aggravated by the existence of a
