this well-known friendship for Jews and JFaranos, Alvaro was for a lonir time a thorn in the ttesh to both the Infante Don Ilenrv and the aired I'aid de Burgos, the primate of Spain, the Jewhater. I'aiil's sons. Alvar Uaicia de S. Maria and Alfonso of Cartagena less from jxilitieal than from ri-iigioiis reasons They eondueled a Ijeeanie his bitterest enemies. furious struggle against him for many years, which ended in his (l<}vnrall. Alvaro. who, in his hours of leisure, dcote( himself to lilerary mailers aii< wrote a book about (M'lebraled women (" IJbro de las Mujeres Ilustres "). was taken prisoner, dragged toValFriar Alladolid, and beheaded there, July 3, 1-15;!. fonso de Esjiina. the fierec'st enemy of th<' .Jewish accompanied to which he hiinself belonged race him triumphantly on his walk to the seall'old.
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I
I
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J. Aiimilor ile Ins Illcw. Kl Cawkslahlr Dun Alnirii ill' lAiiia In llivMn ile KkiihHii. I. Idem, llintoriii de lit»Ji((liiis lie Hstnttln u Pnrluoul^ HI. 2U ff neii.
Uiiii.icHMi.M'iiv
ALYASHAR, JACOB: Hussia,
W'iliia,
aljnul
'i'.>'):
M, I. Talmudist; born at died in Safed about
at Hebron in lT(i") sent him On the outas their einissjiry {iiifshnllith) to Persia. break of a war in 1775, Ho/.rah, the city in which ITS.").
The congregation
he resided, was besie.ned but h<', his wife, and newborn son, Eliezer Jcruham, <'scaped and settled in
He celebrated his delivi^ranee in Hebrew Safe(l. vi-rses calleil "Mcgillat I'aras" (The Roll of I'er.sia), by his granilson. 1{. Jacob Said Alyashar, Emuniin " (Jerusalem. 1885). J. D. E.
pnl)lishe(l
Ish
in
ALYASHAR fmore correctly ELATSCHAR),
JACOB SAUL: Hakam
Bashi (chief rabbi) ct J, tuburn at Sal'eil. .lune 1, 1M7. He was taken Ilis leacher was H. Benjamin to .lerusalem in IS'JIi. Mordecai Xabon. who, in 1828, married his wid<iwe<l mother. In 18.').') Alyashar was apjiointed associate. judge to the Ilakam i!ashi,.braham .shken;i/i in li^till. chief dayan. holding the position until his jiromotion in IX'.t:! to the jmst of Ilakam liashi liy all parties in Jerusidem. as successor to the lali' !{. I'aniel. The sultan .Midul hamid conlirmed hisajjpointment in a tirman, sending him an ollicial robe and a me<lal of the ^led jidie oriler: and Emi)cror William II. of Germany, on his visit to Jenisideni in 1898, also ]iresented liiin with a medid. He speaks Hebrew, Andiic, Turkish. Italian, and Oreek. The following is a list of his published works; the titles all contain the word " Ish " (C'K). the componi-nt letters of which are the initials of his name; (1) sail 111;
Inward Thought <ir .Man) (l's.l.iv, (i); (2) "Ish Kmuium" (Man of Kailh), a. collection of festival sermons, I88.">; (;!) " .Ma'asch Ish " (The Work of Man), responsa, together with (4) "Derek Ish" (Man's Way), sermons. 18i)2; (."i) "Simha le-lsh " (Joy '•
Alvalensl Alzey
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDL
481
Kereb
Ish "(
Man), responsa, pidilished with (l!) "(iirsa de-Vatikiita " Karly Teachings), I'Xplanalions of Talmudic problems; (7) "Ya'aseh Ish" (Man Shall Do), an<l (H) " Dibre Ish " (Words of Man), in one volumi', responsa and sermons, 18i)(i; (il) " Olat Ish" (.Man's OITering). decisions, 181li»; (10) "Sha'al I.sli" (Man Asked), responsa, in course of |mblicalioii in IflUO. lo
(
I.uncz, Almnuiw,
,HliitKihnr, pn.:tt» tit.
Bliu.ir)(iit.vPMV
Juriih
Siliil
Iflal,
Autnhtintrnphti of J.
ALTPITJS OF ANTIOCH:
n. E.
Eminent geog
rapher of the fourth century; inliniale friend of the lioman emperor, Julian the .poslate. Alypius, of noble and gemrous character, was governor of Britain :!."),">-:!ti(l. whence he was ricalled by the emperor lo superintend the reconstruction of the Temple at .lerusjilein, Al first he showed inucli zeal in the accomplishment of his task. but. by degrees, seeI
-:u
ing the
little effort
and
lost interest
made by
the .Jews to aid him.
lie
left the field clear for the intrigues
of the enemies of the Jews,
who sought by
every
means to cause his failure in carrying out the generous purposes of the emperor. Tti. Uelnticii. in Auteitrit Grers ft Rnwaltm, (jexeh. iter Juden, Iv. 371; I'auly-Wlssowa, lti'al-Kncuvli>i)ddte^ col. 1709.
IJiBi.iocn.vpiiv
>.'.VA: (iriitz,
I.
Bit.
ALZEY: A
tf)wn in Hhein-Hes.sen (Germany), on the Site/. While the lirst traces of the residenco of Jews in the Palatinate, to which Al/.cy belonged from the time of the Emperor Freilerick Barbarossji, date from the beginning of the thirteenth century, no date is given for tlie first settlement of Jews in Al/ey itself. The name of the congregation aj)pears lor the first time in the " Martyrology " of Nuremberg, where it is mentioned as one of the l)laces which sull'ercd in the ilreadful iiersecutions of the year of terror, 134!t. The first reference to members of the congregation dates probably from the year i:i88. where a certain Bonil'ant and his wife JUtte. and a Jew of the name of Lassiirus. are mentioned. The congregation never played any very conspicuous ]iarl in history, and the number of its members until the beginning of this century was very small. The .lewsof Alzey shared the unliappy fate of their perseculed brethren in the Middle Ages; at (>ue time they were e.xpeiled from the town, at another residence therein was permitted them, all according to the inclination of the Count Palatine of From the year 1301, when the Ji-ws were the day. driven from tlu- Palatinate by Count Huprecht II., they do not seem to liave returned to Alzi'V for several centuries, or at best only temporarily; for in the census of the year 1.5.")0. which re.fristcred the names of all Jews living in the Palatinate, none are mentioned from Alzey, although this town was the ollicial center where limited passports were i.s.sued at a fi.ed tarilT to all .Jews who traded in the region. It is only toward the close of the seventeenth cenliuy that Jews again appear in Alzey as a regular congregation. Until the year 1791, religions .services were held in private houses. The first synagogue was built in that year throu.sh tu- liberality of Klias
Simon Belmont.
A
census in 17'2'2 enumerated nine congregation, anil si.xty-threc families in the whole district. Twenty years later there w ere only eleven in the congregatiim. In 1748 the elector Karl Theodor set the legal limit of families in the families in
1
lie
town of Alzey at three. He adiled, that " since there were already more than that luimber, no aihlitional families woidd be allowed to settle there until the number had been diminished by death to less thait
From
the end of the eighteenth century the in the fourth decade of fifty families are found, and there are now (Uil)l) seventy-five. Of the ()..")II0 inhabitants of .lzey, about ;tO(( are Jews, who devote themselves mainly to mercantile pursuits. The jiresent synagogue wasconscciatcd in the year 18."hl. The first rabbi (in this new building) was Dr. Samuel Adler, son of Isjiac Adler, nibbi of Worms. By ministerial decree of August 17, 1842, he was appointed ilistric-t nd)bi of Alzey, which post he held until the year 18,-|(i. He was culled to tlie Temple Emanu-KI His succes.sor was Dr. David in New York in 18."i7. Holhschild. who oHieiale<l for nearlv Ihirtv vears (from [8(i2 till Jun.'. isilj); he died January, 'lSi(2. in Aix la Chapell.'. Since October, 1891, Dr. Josiph has been the niblii of this congregation. .Mention must In- made of several members of the Belmont family, one of the oldest and most respected of the congregution. According to the Alzey three."
congregation grew stca<lily; the nineteenlhcentury about
Lew
