Amulo Anakim
THE
pnictinilly extinct except in the Orient. hiui 'Anik "(h)es mil fditiid amulets (see
Modem
In
Times.
EXCYCLOPEniA
.I?:WISII
•,'4-27
- «>•"),
Hay-
the "people of the Script lire." cminitliii |)nrchinents for such pirpo.ses, not hits of wood, bone, stone, or other natural
ployed mainly
650
AlilUSEMENTS.
The "Shul-
"Omh
vim, s •m. 1 T S S *t4'. 14 "Yoiili Dcali." g ITit, l'.'). It is importuiit Id note the fad that the Jews, ••
ANAB
("Grape"): A city in the hills of southern Jiuiea. lying in the domain of Judali (Josh. xv. ."iO), from which Joshua exterminated the Anakim (Josh. xi. 21). It is still called . ab (Uuhl. "<ieographic des Allen Palestina." 1). 1U4). (;. B I,.
ANACLETUS
objects.
Moilcrn .ludaism of course approves the sentilueutsofMaimonides, who pronounced against them
See Gamks. Pastimks.
(PIETRO PIERLEONI)
II. Anti|io|ie to li i:!N. cent II. frnni li;!0 i< I!y reason of his Jewish dcsccnl. which |)rnm|iicd Voito call him ironically "Ihc Jewish Pope," Anataire 1
detiis had to face a great deal of opposition
and
calumny.
An
ancestor of Anacletus, whose
name was proba-
bly Baruch. had grown rich in the middle of theelevcentury by lending money to both sides in the struggle between the pojiis and the Homan nobilily. ciilb
Ambition prompted him to cmbiace Cliristiaiiity, on which occasion he assumed the name of BknkDicT. He married a lady belonging to an aristocratic family of Home, and his son. Li:o dk Bknkdkto CnuisTiAXo. subse(iueiitly took rank among the champions of the papal court in its conflict with the Iao's son, Pktius Lkonis, whose name became the family eponym, resolved to devote imperial parly.
own son, who also bore his name, to the priesthood, and he lived to seelhisson wearllie cardintd'.s hat. Pierleoiii did not become pontiff, however, until after the death of his ambitious father. Oni'of the group who left Home with the popcGelasius n. when the latter tied to France, Leo subseciuenlly was a |)rominent factor in the election of Calixtus II. The latter manifested Iiis gratitude to Pierleoni. as well as recognition of his talent, by appointing him. toward the end of he year H2:i, hea<l of the papal legation to Friince. While in that country, Pierleoni had the opportiuiity of fullilling several important ecclesiastical missions, as well as of presiding at the councils of Chartres and Beauvais. Pierleoni was elected pope as , acletus II. in 1130 by one faction at Home, while another fachis
This Amulet
Is
" for proteotion in childbirth."
corners of the sl.x-comered " Shield of David," the Hebrew lettere of the verse (Isa. Ix. .'i), U^ ">^' 1*" T, " For unto us a child is lK)m." et<'.. are scattereii pronilsruously. Intersperseii with tho letters of Nehunyah lien Ini-Kaiia's prayer in^D n:N). The word 0*":-^J3 in the interior spare' was elaiaied to lie equivalent by permutation t«,Shabbethai's name I'PJr) wgetherwith In
«he
five
initials •:":; that
he denies them
is,
"KiUK Messiah."
n'lr-a nC,
all
potency or virtue whatever
>Iorch."iii. iiT), and speaks of the "craziness of the amulet writers, who hope to accomplish miracles by
i("
permutations of the Divine
Name"
{ili. i.
61, end).
On the Eibenschutz controversy, sec the oolpamphlets n"X nS2', Lemberg, 1^7"; Eibensehiitz's defense, ^i""? rni"', Altona, IT.'w Gratz, Gcsch. d. Judcn, note 7.
Biiii.iocRAPiiv
let'ted
own vii.
L. B.
AMTJLO
(AMOLON),
Bishop of Lynns
(.S41) (luriiitc
From
THEOBBOLDUS the
rci,i;ii
ott'liarlcs the
master and predecessor, Agohard, he learned to hate the .lews, and with the as.sistanco of the Bishop of Hheims and .Vrchbishop of Sens. who nourished the same scntimeuts. he tried, at th<' Council of Meaux (^i49), to revive the old canonical laws and anti-.Icwish restrictions. But Charles voulil not yield to the prelate's injunctions, and dissolved the meetins'. Aniulo, however luiremitlinj; in his efforts ajiainst the .lews, like his master wrote Bald; died Kyi.
his
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—
a virulent letter to the spiritual authorities, in which he expotindcd his grievances against the .Jews, forgetting no fact to their discredit, not even the conversion of the court-chaplain Bodo to .Judaism. Although the letter did not immediately produce the •effect expected by its author, it attracted the attention of the clergy, who were at that epoch gencrall.v favorable to the .lews, and the calm eujojed by Jews in France gradimlly came to an end.
Bibliography: Galland, Yetcrum I'ntrum BihJiotheea.vo]. Mlgnc, Patrolattia iMtina, exvl. 143 et Ijitteraire de la France, vlli. 650. xUi.;
acq.; I.
HMoire Bk.
I
tion
elected
Innocentll. received but
Iniincent II. little supjiort
Pierleoni
when
ele-
His Opponent.
valed to the poiititicate, while Innocent II. was upheld not only by the councils of Hheims and Pisa, and 1)3' the greater portion of the Roman Catholic clergy who, it would seem, could not forgive Anacletus his reputed Jewish physiognomy but also bv the entire European royalty, with the exception of I^oger of .Sicily, who was .Viiaclelus' brother in law, and by the duke of Aqiiitaiiia. It redotmds to the honor,
—
—
and magnanimity of the jiopulation of that Anacletus was able to maintain to the authority in the capital, notwithstanding the repeated attacks of the emperor Lothaire II., who liberality,
Home
last his
supported Innocent
II.
Till' o])position to Anacletus expressed itself in the inveiilioii and di.ssemiuationof the most .slanderous reports concerning him. Bernard of Clairvaux. who was the most zealous sujiporter of Innocent in France, (piite naturally iiouicd forth his indignation in avehemenl epistle to Lothaire, to the effect that "to the shame of Christ a man of .lewish origin was come to occujiy the chair of St. Peter." But aside from styling him " Juda-o-pontifex," the antagonists of Anacletus circulated the most ignoAccused '"liiiious rumors about him, charging with the systematic robbery of of Slalfea "" ' ('"11'"^ and churches in the dispo.sal sance of which spoils the .lews were designated as his accessories and not flinching even from accusing him of being guilty of incest. In brief,
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