Anan ben David
111;
Ananias, Sou of Nebedeus
.IK
WISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mis opposilion to the aslrdncmncix! doteniiination of Itir ffsliviils.
Ill'
wliii
li
111-
bdiislcd
tii
lliccalif. lid
liiiii
to diclarc asliDiimny as a lirancli nf ilic astnilogy diviiialioii fi>rliiddi'ii in tlii' Hibic, thus iiiiilermi-
and
very lin.ndaliini of the nd)l)iui(al calfiidar. The hnpellin;.' reasons for this rigorous teiidciify evinced by A:ian in his legislation can not now be Possibly expertaceurately stated. Reasons ence witii the sects of the Isawitcs, Yudganites, and .Shadganites. which for His Views and ininn-dialcly preceded him and were Sletbods. all more or less liberal in their views some of them maintaining that after the destruction of the Temple the whole Jewish niiij; tli<'
—
—
ceremonial law was no longer obligatory showed liim that such liberality soon lost its attraction for the main body of the people, and completely failed to imjiress them. This seems to have induced Anan to strike out in the opposite <lirection. He may also liave been inlltieni iil in this attitude by the preiionderance in both numbers and intlucnce of the remnants of the strict Sadducees among his followers. At all events, his rigorous restraints caused many Karaite writers to reckon him among the ascetics perusfiiiii)nni among those " who mourned forZiou" (
(Ahei.f. Ziox).
He
this as it may, it is certain that the whole Ananite legislation was better fitted for the worldrenouncing ieehi.se than for the free citizen of the world. Although the story that Anan removed to Jerusalem is a later invention, it is true that, some lime after his death, his devoted followers, who
were called Ananites (the name Karaappears later), could find no bet-
Karaism
ites
Succeeds
ter course than to settle in the holy city and live there a secluded life of asceticism. They gradually disapiieured;
Anauism.
the greater portion of the antirabbinical schismatics separated themselves by degrees from the Ananites and created the much milder form, Karaism, which is better fitted for sectdar life.
During his life, however, Anan's political influence was sufficient to group all antirabbinical seceders around him and keep them together. The general and tinlimited freedom in the investigation and exposition of the religiotis law which he openly jiroclaimed pos.sessed a special attraction for all opponents of traditional Judaisiu. His well-known declaration expresses this principle, "Search thoroughly in the I,aw and depend not upon my opinion." It is therefore not to be wondered at "that he closed his life as undisputed head of the new sect (about 790-8HO), and transmitted his position to his son Said, whose descendants were designated nemm (princes) by- the Karaites. BiKi.ioGRAPHV: All ancient sources and many new ones from inumi.scniit.^ were collected by s. I^nsker in his epoch-niaking worii (not free from errors). Likkutr KitihiKriinint, Vienna^ IStiO.
which, hefoiv publiraiion.
to the
v"a"s
utilized
i>v ,Iu>i
ladiiitions
volu[UH of his (iisch. (hs J(o/( iilhuins tnul
- ^ct;i';r .N"f A'/cH. Leipsic. IKjy, and byljifaz, firsch.d. Jitikn,
vol. v., new ed., Lel|)sic. ISSVi), and contains the tiest matter available upim the subject. Anan has l)een tn*ated by Fiirst, (ia^cli. (l. KariU'rI. Leipsii*. IS*::,*, at irreat louffth 'hut. besides Pinsber's data, iimcli is conraint-ti thiil is unfounded and fantjistir). These were followed by Haiuburtrer in Winter and Wiins<'he's JUdischc Litrratur. The writer wiis fortunate enouirh to discover several new manuscript soun*es, including fnipnientsof .tinn's ('ode.. published in the Russian X'tiskhod <1K»7-IW): also outlined in (iemuin in the new edition of Griitz. Gexch. (I. Juili n. ISiCi, vol. v.. and in the Jahrh. f. JUd. Gcich. II. Lit. (Karpeles, Berlin. 1899). St
tid
A.
ANAN BEN MARINTTS HA-KOHEN:
II.
Hab-
binical authority in Siponte; born probably about 1040. Conjointly with his somewhat older colleague, Ealonymus ben Shabbcthai, he signed a rabbinical
responsum before the
556 latter ri'inoved to
Worms,
1070.
His colleagues in Siponte were MelchizediU lia Kohen and Elhanan. Anan is known only from a mention of him made by the Hoinan nibbis Metiaheni b. Solomon (in am 73L". and from this in nn'ni "llO'K 1.57) and Zcdcuiali b. Abraham 'Anaw (in "Shibj; bale ha-Leket," ed. Huber. i. ;i4, 293). Two halakic decisions and a
poem on
Elijah are mentioned as be-
ing by him (see Zuuz, "Literaturgesch."
108).
>.
II.
V.
ANAN, SALVATORE:
Italian writer, pamphleteer, and revolutionary leader; born at Ferrara, 1807; died at Genoa. 1S74. In recognition of his patriotic zeal ami litcniry ability, the Nalioinil Society, founded in Xi>*. elecled him secretary and, a few days later, representative for Turin. In 1H49 he was elected, by an overwhelming majority, to
the Consliluent Assembly of Home. The Hciniblic of Rome sent him on an important dipli>matic mislS4!t he was exsion to Venice. Toward the end of pelled from the Pontifical Slates and from I.onibtiidy and settled at Genoa, where he died. His ccillcclion of books, which was rich in works on literature and politics, he bequeathed to the library of the city of
Genoa. Pe.saro. .Vcmorie l!<raclitd Fcrrari:!*c^ pp. 90, 120,
Bibi.ioorapht:
Comunild
Storiche sulkt
M. K.
ANAN, SON OF SETH. See Axnas. ANANEL. See H.vnakel. ANANEL (HANANEEL) DI FOLIGNO
Apostate; lived about the miilille of the sixteenth century. Joseph ha Kohen reports in his "'Emelik " that Ananel was the leader of a triumvirate of ajiostales. who, in l.VilJ, appeared before Pope .Tulius III. with a sharp arraignment of the
ha-Baka
Joseph Moro and John Kaptista Romano gnind.son of Elias Levita, were his companions. The tradition is tlnit the apostates were employed by two rival publishers of Jewish books at Venice, and that in the course of competition they were sent to Rome. TIk'V denounceil the
Talmud. Eliano,
the
Talmud
as containing defiiiiiiitory statements regarding Jesus, the Church, and Christianity in general,
and as constituting the
sole
impediment
wholesale conversion of the Jews. Julius neilher a fanatic nor inimical to the Jews: physicians were Vital Alatino of Spolcto Marano Amatus Lusilanus. But the case
to the HI. was his
two
and the
in (|Ueshis jurisdiction: it belonged to the court of the Inriuisition. at the head of which .stood the extremely fanatical advocate of the universalization of the Spanish Inrpiisition, the
tion lay
beyond the bounds of
Dominican
Caraffa.
On Aug.
12,
1.").53.
the pope
signed the edict ordering the destruction of the Tal-
mud, submitted by Caraffa. Though it the Jews were given an opportunity of
is said that defense, all copies of the Talmud at Rome were seized by the Inquisition immediately, and were burnt on the Jewish New Year (.Sept. !)) in the Canipo dei Fiore.
Another conspiracy
in
which Ananel
di
Foligno
figured threatened to culminate not merely in the destruction of the Jewish books, but in that of the whole Jewish community of Rome. A ilohaminedan convert to Christianity had murdered his wealthy ward in order to appropriate his possessions, and had thrown the corpse into the Campo Santo, the exclusively Roman cemetery. When the body was found a number of unscrupulous persons, led by Ananel, straightway raised the charge of child-murder against the Jews. "^laicellus II. credited the accusation, and was on the point of condemning the Jews of Rome to
