THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
639
Here Antipas prepared a maKiiiticcnt tent for them ami entertained them suniptuoiisly l)iit liefore Vitelliiis eould inform the emperor of the
Reasons for His XJn-
negotiations the telrareli had sent messenders to Rome with the neeessary popularity, despatches. The exact date if t he meeting between Vitellius and Artabanns lias been the subject of much dispute, an<l is still a moot question. Antipas was continually intriguing against Pontius Pilate also. Atone time Antipas sent a complaint to the emperor against Pilate because the latter had jiut u]) an unwelcome votive tablet in the palace of Jerusalem (about 3G). Nor was Antipas |)opular among the Judeans. It is true that, at least ostensibly, he complied with the more important ordinances of the Jewish faith, and that he went to Jeru.sidem to celebrate the feasts. But the house of Herod hail become an object of hate and suspicion; and Antipas himself had done nothing to counteract the spreading of these .sentiments. On the contrary. Jie had adorned his palace walls with the tigures of animals, even though there had been no eltigies on the coins he minted and, above all. he hail violated the MoSiiic law in marrying Herodia.s. John the Baptist (h'nounced him jniblicly (Malt. xiv. 4; Mark, vi. IS); and even Jesus called him "that fox " Luke, xiii. 32). In the history of the Messianic movement Antipas plays a most iiniK>rtant i>art for he is the Herod of the Gospels who slew John, and who was jiartly responsible for the execution of Jesus; though the story of the presentation of John's head on a charger, by the daughter of Ilerodias, is jirobably an exaggeration. It is possible that John's Concerned imprisonment and death were insiiired in Deaths of by Ilerodias. whos<' marriage, as has John and heiii said, he had denonnceil. AntiJesus, pas' i)art in the fate of Jesus consisted in lhe]ireliminaryhearingof the latter; for Pontius Pilate, to whom the accusjitions against Jesus were brought, handed over the preacher of Galilee to the tetrarcliof thatdistrict, who was then sojourning in Jerusidem. Jesusanswered neither the charges of his accusers nor the questions of Antipas; and he was handed back to the higher authorities, to be tried according to Koman law and custom. Anti])as married twice, his lirst wife being the above-mentioned daughter of Aretas VI., king of Arabia Pelnea. During one of his visits to Home he met Ilerodias. his own niece and the wife of his half brother Philip, and persuailed her to leave her husband and to accompany him to Tiberias. His .rabian wife, upon bearing of her iiiqxnding disgraci', obtaineil peiniission from Antipas, on the plia (if ill health, to go to Maclierus. which then belonged lo .retas; and there sluMnct her falher, whom she induci'd to pick a (|uurrel with her husbaml and to invade his tetrurchy. . lipas' army was defeated, atid his lands were threatened (37). He was Abandons obliged to order Vitellius against AreFirst 'Wife, tas; but before the Homan proconsul had left Judi'a the empi'ror died ami Vitellius, in revenge for Antipas' tnarliery on the occasion of the piai-e negotiations with .rtabanus i
Antipas Antipater
been brought about through the inlluence of Ilerodias and Antipas, sent a messenger, Justiniauus, to Caligula, who was then at Baiic, an<l accused the tetrarch of plottinjr against Home. Antipas could not (leny that he had collected a vast Is Banstock of arms; and he was stripped of ished. all his lauds and wealth, which Caligula gave to Agrippa, banishing Antipas (39) to Lugdunum, in Gaid, whither Ilerodias followed him. He died shortly afterward, 'Whether this Lugdunum be the modern St. Bertrand de Com-
('(ipiKT
HI., promptly desisted fromhismarch.
Fortuiuilely,
Aretas withdrew to his own lands. . lipas' marriage with Ilerodias was neither of long duration nor very happy. She was amliilious, to si-e her husband in the possession of greater territorial power .fter Ihedeath of Tjlic rius she itiducid her liusliand to make a personal appeal lo the niw emperor for Ihi' possession of the royal title; but .grippa, whose llrst appointment to imperial function (as overseer of the markets) had
and wishi'd
o( HiTiHl
. U|ui,'i,
a iialin-tiraiKh. TIBE1'1.C in
wreatb. (Aft^r MkddeD,
(
f (iln
Ohrrne: HPOAOV TETP.VPXOV, surrmmillnir and L.AT (year 33— of Ills reign). lUvcrse "
Coliii of the
Jrwc")
ininges, near the Spanish border, or whether the extetrarch removed from Lyons to Spain, can not bo ascertained. Josephus states definitely that Antipas died in Spain. The assertion in Dio Ca.ssius (lix. S) that Caligida put Antipas to death is certainly untrue, tmless the phrase is intended in a general and not in a literal sense.
"Antipas" is a contracted form of "Aniipater," or " Antipatros"; and its meaning is, therefore, not "against all." as has sometimes been as,si'rted. Bini.iooRAPnv: Josi phus.,lii(.xvii., II.
2. 8
3; Idem, Life.
(imfh.
Jwkn.
8 6.i
xvlll.; Idem, /J. J. 1. 2S, B 4 (NIese's ed.: see Index); Sohflrer,
(Fnitl. transl.) I. 2d part, 17 <( »f<(. : (irStz, (Icsch. 111. iea ct «•(/.; Farrar, The Iltrmh. pp. 134 et w<;.
it.
W. M.
ANTIPATERl abridged form, Antipas): of Herod
1.
a convert to
Father
He was the son of Antipa.s, Judaism, who was governor of Idumiea died 43 B.C.
under the reigns of Alexander Janna'us and his (|Ueen .Vlexantlra, and rendered himself serviceable to the Jewish rulers, through his connections with his former congeners, of Anibia Pelnea. Aniipater, who seems to have succeeded his father as governor of Iduma'a. ha<l reason to f<'ar that King
dowager
.ristohulus II. would not retain him in his position. He therefore trie<l hisutmost todethrone .rist<ibulus, and lo restore the weak Ilyreaiius II.. who would be an easy tool in his haiiils, t<i the llirone which was righlfidly his. With this vii v Aniipater tried to persuade Hyrcanus.who was not only of a peaceful and kindly disposition liut altogether free Plots friun suspicion, that his brother was Against plotting Ids ilealh in order to secure liimsi'lf upon the throne. AristoHyrcanusat lirst refiis<d crediTice to Aniipater, but bulus. finally allowed himself to b<' gained over, . tipater, who fidl no attachment for Judaism or the Jewish slate, and who stoo<l ready lo sacrillce their interests in order to .s«-rve his own ends, had madi- previous arningements with .retas. an .raliian <hie/, lo giv<' his lielp lo Ilyrcanus in rilurnfora large sum of money and |)os.ses.sion of twelve cities, which hail been conquered from the .rabians by the llasmoneans after long and hanl lighting, . tipalir then look Hyreanus with him to Aretas, who forthwith pioeeeded with a large amiy against Arislobiiliis, and defeated liini. Thus
