—
u
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
643 .IikIhisimc." .ludiii
IS!)."):
Uniii,"
ill
Viiirt-lsliiii
lii-rliii,
mid
Hii'irci/'Gi'Sch. (ler
Sic Ai'loN.
ls!»(i).
liliiiilmc on the sulijcct is forci^'ii ils alliicks mi .luilaisiii aiv piiiici )ially nil irliiiiiiiis iriiiiiiiils, aUlioii>;li llii'.Jrws wrri' also |>i'iirliUiiii'il as ilaiis<'i')us from an rconoiiiic this
as
iiilicli-,
of virw ami ilriioiimril as ciii'iiiicsof all ClirisWliat is pioiicily known as Aiili Srinitisni had its roots in llir airi' fnllowiii,!; liii' Frrmli Ki'voliitioii, wlii'ii ri'li;;inus liliiTty had lii'inmi' a iiiori- oi- Irssuf(i-pli'd ilo;;iiia in poliliral sririirr, anil a ni-w liasis liad to 111- found for llir altarUs on llir .Ii'ws. more particularly lor the o])]>ositioii to tlirir full nifmiilioiiit
tiaiis.
cliisi'iiiciit.
The years
saw a deluge of
terloo
"Neue
(Jeseli.
dcr
followiiii; tlir liallli'of
Griltz, "(Jeseli. d. .Jiiileii,"
tinll
of
s:'A),
Hieslaii.
.i.
'MX
i.
4IJ f?
wy.
it n,//.).
molded the political of Kurope until the French Hevolu and of easleni Europe down to the
Heaetionary tendencies ])hysiiiiriioiiiy
Wa-
niili-.Iewisli ]iamplilets {.lost,
Israelileii."
which
aroused a slroiigdemoeiiilieopposition. The opponents of reform eomliiniii!; the reaelionarv forties,
forces ill liotli llie political and ecclesiastical camps received valuable eneouraseinent by the accession to the throne of Kini; FreilerieU Villiaiii IV. of Prus.sia (IH40). In a ••('abinctsordre " of 1H41 the king dctined his views on a new law, which was to regulate the stiitus of the .Tews; to Frederick treat the .lews as a colony of foreign William ers; to give them aulonoiiiy in their congregational atfairs; anil to take IV. of Prussiaand from them the municipal franchise the Jews, which they had possessed since 1812, Small vexatious measures for examjile, when Minister of .luslice von Miihler issued a circular reeomineniling that every court should buy a copy of a paniplilel direcleil against the .lews (Tliiele, " Die.Iiiilisehiri (Jauner ill Deutschland ") gave further cncouiageincin to the naetioiiaries. (On this period see Willi. Kreuiiil. " Die Oegenwiirtig Bealisichiigte rmgestaltiiiig dcr Hiirgerlielien Verliilltnisse dcr .luileii ini I'reiiss. Staate." 1K4"J; and Isidor Keim. " Kin Wort iiber die Hichtlichen ZuSliliide dcr .luileii iiii I'reii.ss. Staate, I.eipsie. 1842.) The opposliion against granting toiiie Jew.s all It liolilical ri^'hts came from various ipiarlers. wasnatiinil that those who believed in the ideal of "a Chrislian country " should be opposed to it. and that these should be joined by the advocales of the autoeralic form of government, based on the princiThe |)le of classes, which is a diluleil feudalism. represeiilalive of the latter parly was Hermann
—
181.")~,si)). who in his ••sfaatslexieoii," and " pamphlet, " Das .Iinleiilum unil dcr Staat Krom an ecclesiastical (18,")7), defended ils doctrine, jioilit of view, the liecessilv of keeping the .lews on an inferior level of politieai and civil rights was defended by A. Til. ilarlmann. jirofessor at IJoslock (1TT4-1W18). in various pamphlets, among which was
Wagener
in
(
his
"(iegeli (ileiehbereehligung der.luileii " ls:tl). The liberal Chrisliaiis also furnished opponeiils of the cmancipiilion of the .lews; forcxamplc .loh Kr. Hiihr (17TT-l.s-l.si. head of the Protestant Cliurch in Sae Weimar, who was one of the foremost rationalists (
of his age; II. K. O. Paulus (IT(ll-Is.'il), professor at Heidelberg, (he most outspoken representative In his "MUdisihe N'alionalabsonde of riilioimlism. rung " ls;i(l) lie advocated the denial to the Jews of all political riLrhls until lliey would give up their The same position is taken by ritual luaclises. Karl Slreckfiiss MTTS-l.s-14). a poet and govern (
nieiit
<las
olliciiil
in Prussia,
Verhilltiiiss
Sliuiten"
^l!erlill,
der
184;)). in
pamphlets,
his
in
Jndeii
in
ileii
which he
"As long
as all Jews do not renounce their ceremolaw, enianci])ation can not become an accoinlilishcil fact." Similarly, Hruiio Haucr lS()!)_s-,>), one of the most radical of (Jernian theologians; "The only logical position of the Jew in the Christian state is that of a sejiarate corporation " {" Die Judenfrage," 1S43. p. .'j9). Ew'U the modern tendency to label as Jewish evervthins; that is disliked is found in the works of Wolfgang Menzel (lTil.S-lsT3), an intliiential literary critic, who calls the literary moveiiienl known as "Young (iermany" by the name of "Young Palestine," and in Richard Wairiier's lain ph let " Das Judentimi in der .Musik " isil!)). l,ibIn ISTO a complete cliange had taken place. nial
iniilii-vai
'I'lic
til
Anti-Semitism
"
reber
('hrisllicheii ,says (p.
ll.l);
(
]
ci-alism
(
had become
|)rediiniiiiaiit in
western Europe.
The North
(Jermaii Confederation had adopted in ISO!) the liberal principle that a man's creed should not in any way alfect his civil or political rights. What is called Anti-Semitism was limited to those who ii)ipiiseil the fiinilamental principle of the modern state, the eiiuality of rights regaidle.ss of creed and nationality, and- yet even the " Kreu/./.eitung " of Berlin, the organ of the feudal autocracy, " JunkerPartei," spoke of the Alsatian Jews as a Jewish branch of the German nation ("Allg. Zeit. d. Juil." 18T1, p, SO.}), when political interest made the friendship of the Jews a desirable ob.jeet. Jesuit The most persistent advocatesof papal Hostility infalliliility, the Jesuits, in their organ, Toward " Voce della Verita," said at the time: "If a recoiiciliation between the pope Jews. anil the kingdom of Italy should ever take place, the Jews will have to return to the (aietto " (" Kiilnisehe Zeitung," April (i, 18T3). The DucdeBniglie, then the leader of the monarchical and Clerical party in the French Chamber, luoclaimcd, as the chief misfortune of France, that there sliould lie more than one religion (" Allg. Zeit. d. Jud." ISTH. Bislio|) von Ketteler of Mayeiiee. one of the 11. lOT). i'oiiiiileis of the "Ceutruni." or Catholic party, in the Heichstag. mocked at the German ".^Iiellel" who
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allowed Jews to teach him what Teutonism wa.s hit at I.udwig Bamberger, who was deputy to the
German Ueichstau' from Mayence {ih. lsT2. ]). 'JO.')). The most peculiar and coiilradiclory charires were brought a,i;aiiist the Jews in the clerical newspapers. The "Volksliote" of Munich said that the Jews were responsible for the fraudulent business methods of the Daelmiier Hank, w hicli wasan enterprise founded and patronized by the Clerical party. TheJewshad The ruined it by Iheir control over the law courts. "I'liivei's" of Paris and the " Vaterland " of Vienna that the "Old Calholie (.pril (i. lST:i) claimed Church" was the work of the Jews, while Hermann von SiharlV SiliarlTeiistein in his "Das ICntlarvie 1871) .liiilenlhum der Neiizeit " (ii. (11. Zurich. claimed that the wickidiies.s of the Jesuits was due This to the large number of Jews in the oriler. When policy was not eoiitineil to the Catholics. the Prussian Diet passed the law of Fib. 8, ISTO, which placed the control of the school system in the hands of the state, von SeiilTl Pilsieh, a member of the Con.servalive party, said, referiing to Easker, the law was the work of a "little Semitic gentle man." In a literary conlroversy on the subject of socialism .ilolf Wagner, who subsei|iiently was one of the leadei'sof the Christian Socialists, dwelt, as an argument against liisoppoiieiil H. It. (Ippeiiheim, on The leadiT of the fai-t that the latter was a Jew. the Czechs ill .ustria. Fiiiiieis Palacky ITltS-lsTt!). a I'roleslant. said, in his farewell address to the Czech The soil was nation, that the Jews were Shylocks ready (o receive the seed of AntiSi'iiiitism which frotu 1878 became a distinct political program. (
