THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
645 'Every or
" Iliuuielsjiuk- " [.Iiwisli pc'cller] is to In-
liiiiiitcd.'
shut
"
At I lie same time the uriiiiiii/.edaiiti Semites lost no opporl unity to lirinir ulujiit priielieal results llirougli Tlieir eliiel'aiiu was to exeluile.lews ami this idea was emphasized l>y the refusal of I'aslor llapke. in lierlin. to take oatii
their airilatioii.
from
pulilie ollice;
before a Jewish jiidjre (Jan. S. iss:!), whieli Stdeker culled the juslilied outeiy of an outraired couseienee ("herechtiKtci' Ausdruck der (Jewisseiisiiolh "). The Conservative party, whose s|)()kesman. von Uaiiehhaupt, (h'clart'd, "^Vehave taken upon ourselves the whole odium of tlie anti-Semitic movement," iiUrodueed a liill in the Keichstaf; providing; that Christians shoulil liav<- the rii;hl lo ask for a Christian Although the jjovernjuilire when takinj,' an oath. liient did not aceede to these di-niands, it jrave them inilireet eiicouraireineiit. liismarek answered very courteously telejrninis sent to him by anii Semitic meet in ITS. The adiniinstration of the minister of |)ub lie worship, von Pultkamer. as far as was comjiatible with existini; lejrislation. complied with the demands of the Conservatives; and the bill intro-
<luced into the ])ublic
I'russian
Dlil
worship, von Zedlitz.
by the minister of even jiropo.sed to
is!)',',
divide the school children aecordiiiir to their reliirion. bill was. however, defeated by the strijiig opjiosition of the best elements of the country. The demand of the anti-Seiiiitic i)etiti()ners to proliiliit ail Jewish immigration from liussia was not directly fjrmnled. but the };overnment recoirnized it so far as to e.<'rcise a strict supei'vision of the Russian refujrees who arrived in (ieiinany in larirc minibers. law of 1S4T was unearthed, which, as the government acknowled;;ed. had become superseded by subseinieut h'jiislation. Still, from it the government dediu-eil the right to e.xpel all Exclusion foreigners employed by a Jewish com-
The
A
of Jewish
Immigrants.
muinty
.Similarly, an (Oct.. 1SS4). (.May. IHS.")) to exp<'l all for<'ign Poles from the eastern provinces of
eillct
(Jerniany seems to have been aimed at the Russian Jews who were residents of (Jermany, many of whom ha<l been living there for years. Hisniarek's refusal to transmit to the Reichstag the expressions of svmpathy i>assed by the llouseof Representatives at NVashinglon. upon the death of Kduard Lasker (Jan. 5. 1SS4), was interpreled as an anti-
Semitic demonstration. Various attempts were made to take from the Jews, in an undi'rhand way, the rights which the constitution hail given tlii'in. Fiscal legislation, sinli asan ini'ieased tax on stock-jobbing, was often prompted by anti-Semitic motives. The regularly repc'aled motions of anti .Seiniti<- |)arties ill the Reichstag anil in thr Diets of the various states, to investigate the text books of the Jewish religion, to have thiTalmud or the Shulhan '.ruk translatiil at the expense of the government, and to prnhibil, onlhegrianidof crui'lty,the killingof animals according lo the Jewish rite, were received liy the governments with little complacincv in tlii> I'russian House of Lords March 2'.'. ISi);i). in Ihi' Diet of lJiiden(Feb,, IMiUi. andiiilheRiiclistiig(Aprili."i.lHlHt). As long as Bismarck was in power .Xnii-Si'mitism was checked; for though an anti Semite by birth, as he himself con fes>eil. he iicvir perinilled the lurbulenl eli'inenls lo Li fad, after his retirement gain the upper hanil. he said thai llii' Consirvalives, in their altiinpl lo light Socialism with anii Semitism. " had got hold of the wrong insect powiler" ("Allg. Zeit. d. Jud," Nov. II.. IHiCJ). The aicessioii of Emperor William 11. lo the throne (J line 15, ISSHjsoon gave encourage ment to the anti Semi es and I hi'ir allies. An attempt was made to induce the emperor to refuse his co.i(
I
Anti-Semitism
lirmatiou of the election of Prof. Julius B<.'rnsteiii as rector magnitjeus of the Uuivei'sily of Halle. Bismarck evidently advi.sed the emperor to decline so to act. It was also Bismarck's inlluence that brought about Striker's retirement as court chaplain. Bismarck's retirement (March '.20. 18'J0)gavea newimpetus to the anti-Semitic agitation in Germany. Ahlwardt apjieared upon the scene; and his pamphlets es])ecially the " Jiidenliinten." in which he claimed that the firm Ludwig Liiwe Bismarck's it Co. had been hired by the Alliance RetireIsraelite I'niverselli; to furnish inelliment En- cient guns to the German army in orcourages der that Germany might be defeated Antiin the war of revenge created a great Semites. stir. The government took a tirm position against Ahlwardt. but in oilier cases displayed more weakness. AVhen the Oberlandesgerichtsprilsident of Breslau. a high ollicial iu the department of justice, issued a circular (1S91) advising the judges not to put Jews on a jury, and the Liberals made this fact the liasis of an hitnrpellation in the Reichstag, the government defended the proeei-ding. The " ICreuzzeitung," the organ of the Feudalist party. Siiid (Oct. 1. ISil'Jl that tjie charges brought against the Talmud in the anti Semitic literature ought to suggest to the government the necessity of examining the text books of the Jewish religion (Strack. "Die Judeii: Di'irfen sie Verbrecher
—
—
von Religionswegen genannt werden'/"
The matter was brought up
Berlin, 1H!I3).
the Prussian Diet (Feb, i;i 189:5), anil Minister Bosse replied to the ell'ect that he had already ordered the revision of these books, but could say no more for the present, the reports not having been handed to him. The Bi.o(U) Accis.vTiox made its ai'pearancc in connection with the murder of a child in Xanteu, June '2it. isyi. The government did all in its power lo suiipress the rumor that the local sliohit (Jewish butcher) had eommitted the murder; and the accused was acquitted. But other events showed that the governinenl displayed much forbeanince in cases of anti Semitic otienses. Referring to a trial of a societv of irambleis. in which some Jew s were implicated," the" Tilgliche Rundschau" (March 3, L'^US) said: "This state of afTaire shows that all Jewry should either be forced back to the conditions of the eighteenth century or be expelled from the counSome Jews brought a libel suit against the try." jiaper, as the law. in such cases, gives every member of a libeled community the right to prosecute. Tho court, however, decidl-d (Oct. V). I8i);i) that the article did not attack all Jews, but only those who had been guilty of the actions which the writer chanicterized as revolting. Among other instances of nn nnti-Semitic tendency may be mentioned the avowed practise of the Hessian mini-terof justice. Dittmar. toappoint no Jews as judges— the " Fninkfurter Zeitung " (Oct.. lS!t9) had made this the subject of an article, accusing the minister of a violation of the conslitiilion: ii decision of the Bivarian minister of the interior that Jews could not hold any position in schools fivi|Uenleil by Christian children (" Mittheilungeii au3 deiii Verein ziir Abwelir des Aniiscmitismus." IS'.til, p. u): and a decision of the court in (ilogaii, May I'-, istm. dismissing the ca.s<> airaiiisl Count I'Uckler.Musk.'iu. w ho had said in a public address that it was lime to ilrive the " Judenlvinde" (Jew-giiiig) out of the country. In (iermany a sa)cielv for the proleetion of tlio rights of the Jews. "Veri'iii zur Abwehr des Anlisemilisnius." formed in ISltl by some of the most prominent German authors, scientists, aud in
