Personally Al)(l was disliiiiruished by
attnutin^
yoiiiij: iic<)]>lc
by
liis
jtowcT of
moilesty. kiiiillincss.
liis
anil ciitluisiasin for kiiowlwljrc which caused him never to ]>assaday withoiit study, lie was a student
of piilitieal economy and wrote polemics against auarcliism and socialism. BlUl.lOGn.M'IIV
Ild-Ai'if,
ISSIi.
pp. 04,
(li.
Jj.
ABELAKD, PETER:
—
French
scliolastic,
O. phi-
the boldest thinker of the losoplier. Mn<l llici)lnL'iiin twellth century; Ixirn 107'J in a small village near the priory of St. MarAbelard was one of the most acute, most rationalistic, and most contentious of the Christian theoloijians of the Middle Ages. Just as lie was reaching the height of his fame as a theoliiLncal teacher, he became involveil in a love affair with Ileloisa. the niece of Canon Fulliert. whom he secretly married; she. however, steadfastly refused to allow him to wreck his career by owning her as his wife. Iler relatives wreaked iheir vengeance on him by emasculating him. The rest of his life was spent in monasteries, where, with broken spirit, he labored diligently to the end, being greatly hampered by the necessity of maintiiiuiug an orthois'antes, I'"ranc("; (lied 114'2 at
cel near
dox
Abel-Malm Abeles, Simon
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
51
Chrdonssvir ISaone.
positi(jn.
Alnlard lacked the courage of a martyr, and. tlmuv'h radically opposed to the dominant Catholicism of the age. weakly yielded to ecclesiastical authority. There is no evidence of his acipiaintance w itii medieval Jewish ]>hilosophy, which had then lie ])ictures bei;un to inlluence Christian thought. Ibloisjj. his pupil and wife, as learned in Hebrew; and he must have had some aciiuaintance with the language, for he complains of its negh'ct by his contemporaries, though there is little evidence in his His "Colloquy bewritings of its elTective use. tween a Pliiloso|)her. a Jew, and a Christian" is in tended as an apology for Christianity. The i)liilosopher. a deist wIk) finds "natural law" a sullicient explanation of the universe and a sullicient basis for correct living, argues with the Jew. seeking to
jirove to
him
that his religiini
is
a failure,
inasmuch
as the ])romised rewards of the Old Testament are all temporal and carinil anil, with the fall of the Jewish tuition, have become impossible of attainment. The Jews, trusting in fallacious promises, despised and pei-scculed. are the most miserable of men. The defense of Judaism by its niircsentjitive is a vindication of the Old Testament from the charge of materialism and carnality, and an ell'ort to show th.it, even in those troublous times, it was worth .'ielaril shows plainly that he while to be a Jew. stronirly disapproved the opjiressive mcasiu'cs that liail liniiled the activity of the Jews to mercantile pursuits and money lending; and he considered that these restrictions either superinduced or exaggerated till' characterislics which made the Jews odious. Abelard earnestly desired toleration for himsidf. and there is reason to believe that he would have rejoiced lie went even so far as to ill imiversid tnleration say that the Jews had done less wrong by killing Jesus than if they had shown him mercy against their convictions ("Opera." ed, Mign<'. p. Cm!!). ilm HnlfliuiniMimtnin (iilili'iiiiinn. fWnr/i. Hiiii.iooKAriiv iiititiUr f'ultur tliT Jmltn in lYituKtrirh iinti Ih-ntHrhhtiift, pp. IT. IS. nole ; .tM-IiinrH hinhn/ux iiilrr l'hil"/^<ii,huin, Jtntirum, il I'hriMhtuiiin Is k'iM'ii In lil<* 0/mt<i. I'li. Mtirne, I'oN. Hill liM. lsv>: a lli'linu tninxliillnii nf ji llii<<.-<liiii l>li>:
irniplilral skit.li
i.f
.ln!*hf Im-Slit in,
.M»>liinl l»
IsT;I.
pp.
.*.
fi.iiiiil
In S. slin'liliT'n Toliilnt
!.*».
.
II
X
ABELE, ABKAHAM COHEN, OF KALISZ. See AnitAii.VM AuKi.K
(it
muinku
ABELE
ZION (" Mourners for Zion ") According to Jost and others, those Karaites who. after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, left the Holy City, and settling in Constantinople adopted this name in memory of their beloved former home. This is denied by Frankl (in " Monat.s.schrift," 1SK2, p. 74), who refers to Benjamii! of Tudela's description (cd. Aslier, p. TO) of the Abele Zion and Abele Verushalayim (" Mourners for Zion and Jenisjilem ") in southern Arabia, who dress in black, live in caves, kei'ii fasts during the wiek-days. and abstain from meat and wine, continually ]>raying for the return of Israel, and bearing the name of Hechabites. Zunz, in his notes to Benjamin of Tudela. sides with Jost. although the .Vbele Zion mentioned by Benjamin on p. Ill arc German Jews wearing black clothes in inemorv of Jerusjilem. Hadas-si. quoted bv Frankl {i/ii(l.)' called himself "Ha-Abel" (the Mournei). not. as Jost and Filrst assert, hceau.se his father was a Jerusideni refugee, lint frrim profound grief over Israel's e.xile. to which he often gives expression in the "Eshkol." The name "Abele Bet ha'Olamim " (Mourners for the Eternal House) in the "Chronicle of Ahimaaz." ed. Neubauer. is rather an argument against the Crusjuler theory.
BiBi.KioR.vpiiv: .lost. -IniinkH, ls:t9. p. l.V?; FQrst, '^I'lsrh. rf. Kiiiilni. ii. 212: liaclier. in liev. Kt.Jiiiit«. Isflii. n. 149, nuic: ilimiilssiUnft, lt$j2, p. 74; Neubauer, Mcdiaval Jiu:
Chron.
U.
3.5.
12«.
K.
ABELES, MARCUS
Physician and instructor (prival iloccnl ai ilir I'nivcrsity of Vienna; born at Xedraschitz. Bohemia, in 1H37; died at Vienna. Pec. Having completed a classical course at 31. 1894. Prague he was matriculateil at the Vienna I'nivcrsity in 1S")H. and was graduated from there in 1803 with the degree of M.D. Abeles did not at once become a practitioner, but continued his technical trainini; at the Allgemeines Krankenhaiis ("General IIos|)ital ") of Vienna. At the conclusion of his studies he left Europe and settled in Cairo, E.srypt. where he soon gained a high reputation and commanded a large practise, besides occipying the position of director of the European Hospital there. His professional career in Egyi>t terminated in Alexandria, to which city he removed on being delegated by the Austrian government to the International Sanitary Commis:
I
sion.
In 1S70 Abeles returned to Europe and settled in Carlsbad, jiractising with great success there during the sunnner months, and devoting the rest of his time The results of his to seiinlitic research in Vienna. careful investigations became the propirty of the ))ublic when in 1HK4, upon the recoininendation of the medical faculty of the I'nivcrsity of Vienna, Abeles was invited" to deliver to the students of his
alma matera courscof lectures on internal patholoi:y. In the same year he was ajipointed iirival ilocent at the universitv. which posiliivn he held till hi-* death. Alleles was'akniu'ht of the Imperial Austrian Order of Fnuiiis .liKcph, and of the Order of tin- Italian Crown. His numerous essays tri'at chietly of diabetes, and have been published in the " Jalirbhcher Kaiserliih Kdnigliehen Gesellschaft diT Aerzle." "Sit/.ungsberichic der Kaiserlichen .kiidemie der WisMiischaften." "Wiener Mrdieini-ichc WiM-henschrift." "ZiifM-hrift fhr Physiohigis<he Chemie." "CentnillilatI fllr die Mediciiii>the Wis.s<'nsclmft." ilcr
etc. Iliiii.ionBArMv: Jnhr/.iicJi iter Il"(f iirr Vntrrnilttt. KIwiiIhtu. 7'<i« '•"(lU' "f". tl- 7SI.
A.
ABELES, SIMON
Hoinan Catholic Church
A in
1«0-W; ?*.
'
stippowil martyr of
Pmgue.
•
llic
According to
