THE Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF TIIR HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER TILE DIRECTION THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD CYRUS ADIER, PI.D. (Departments of Post- JOSEPH JACOBS, B.A. (Departments of the Jews Biblical Antiquities; the Jews of America). of England and Anthropology; Revising Editor). GOTTHARD DEUTSCH, PH.D. (Department of KAUFMANN KOHLER, PH.D. (Departments of History from 1492 to 1903). Theology and Philosophy). HIYAMAN ROSENTHAL (Department of the Jews of LOUIS GINZBERG, PH.D. (Department of Rub Russia and Poland). binical Literature), SOLOMON SCHECHTER, M.A., LITT.D. (Depart KICHARD GOTTKEIL, PUD). (Departments of ment of the Talmud), History from Exra to 7492; History of Post- ISIDORE SINGER, PH.D. (Department of Modern Talmudic Literature). Biography front 1750 to 1903). EMIL G. HIRSCIL, P.1.D., LL.D. (Department of CRAWFORD H. Tov, D.D., LL.D. (Departments the Bible) of Helret Philology and Hellenistic Literature). ISAAC K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D. FRANK IL VIZETELLY, F.S.A. Chairmus of the Board Secretary of tke Buurd WILLIAM POPPER, MA, PH.D). Associate Revising Editor : Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREICX BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS VOLUME IV STADTBIBLIOTHEK CHAZARS-DREYFUS CASE PRANKFURT AM MAIN NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK AND COMPANY WAGNALLS MDCCCCIII
