terrain masking. Further, this assessment evaluates risk multipliers, such as IMC weather and extended crew duty days. The second part, titled "CFIT Risk Reduction Factors," includes positive company management traits and the availability of CFIT training programs.
1.18.3.4 Previous Safety Board Recommendations Related to Controlled Flight Into Terrain
Since the early 1970s, the Safety Board has issued numerous safety recommendations to the FAA in response to CFIT accidents, including those discussed as part of the GPWS and enhanced GPWS recommendations in section 1.18.2.4 and approach procedure design recommendations in section 1.18.4.4. This section provides information on other CFIT-related safety recommendations. On December 20, 1995, the American Airlines flight 965 accident near Cali, Colombia, occurred.[1]
On October 16, 1996, the Safety Board issued Safety Recommendations A-96-93 through -95, A-96-102, and A-96-106 as a result of the findings from this accident investigation.[2]
Safety Recommendation A-96-93 asked the FAA to
Evaluate the terrain avoidance procedures of air carriers operating transportcategory aircraft to ensure that the procedures provide for the extraction of maximum escape performance and ensure that those procedures are placed in procedural sections of the approved operations manuals.
On April 23, 1997, the FAA stated it agreed with the intent of Safety Recommendation A-96-93 and that it had completed its efforts to evaluate terrain avoidance procedures. The FAA stated that, in January 1997, it developed and published the CFIT Education and Training Aid along with Boeing (see section 1.18.3.3). The FAA also stated that, on February 25, 1997, it issued a revision (Change 2) to AC-120-51B, "Crew Resource Management," Appendix 3, "Appropriate CRM Training Topics," paragraph 2(1), to recommend that CRM training in LOFT or Special Purpose Operational Training for flight crewmembers contain a CFIT scenario. According to the FAA, this paragraph recommends that the training should emphasize prevention through effective
- ↑ See section 1.18.2.4 for more information about this accident.
- ↑ The Aeronautica Civil of the Government of Colombia issued the following CFIT-related recommendations to the FAA: (1) require that all approach and navigation charts used in aviation graphically portray the presence of terrain located near airports or flightpaths, (2) encourage manufacturers to develop and validate methods to present accurate terrain information on flight displays as part of a system of early ground proximity warning, (3) develop a mandatory CFIT training program that includes realistic simulator exercises that are comparable to the successful windshear and rejected takeoff training programs, and (4) evaluate the CFIT escape procedures of air carriers operating transport-category aircraft to ensure that the procedures provide for the extraction of maximum escape performance and ensure that those procedures are placed in operating sections of the approved operations manuals. In addition, the Aeronautica Civil recommended that ICAO evaluate and consider adopting the recommendations of the FSF's CFIT task force (see appendix C).
