Page:L. Richard's ... Comprehensive geography of the Chinese empire and dependencies ... translated into English, revised and enlarged (IA lrichardscompreh00rich).pdf/15

ch. — (always initial) as in church, chair.

ch‘. — the same sound aspirated.

chw. — as in chew.

f. — as in fat, find.

h. — as in hang.

hs. — (always initial), a sibilant sound as sh in shin, she.

hw. — as wh in what, which.

j. — as in the French jaune, jamais.

k. — as in king.

k‘. — the same sound aspirated (in some places softened).

l. — as in lamp, land.

m. — as in man.

n. — as in not.

p. — as in pot.

p‘. — the same sound aspirated.

s. — as in sand.

sh. — as in shall, shut.

sz. — a peculiar sibilant, as if followed by a quiescent vowel.

sze. — an imperfect vowel sound; e final as in table (Wade renders this sound by ssŭ. Williams by sz')

t. — as in top.

t‘. — the same sound aspirated.

ts. — as in wits.

ts‘. — the same sound aspirated.

tze. — an imperfect vowel sound; e final as in table (Wade and Giles render this sound by tzŭ; Williams by tsz').

w. — as in went, winter.