261; examples, 259; their significance, 259-60, 285; how far absolutely primitive, 261-4; difficulties and objections answered, 256-7. 260-66, 279-86; development of inflective speech from them, 266-77, 286; roots at the basis of all linguistic development, 289, 397; triliteral Semitic roots, 301; fixedness of Scythian roots, 317; roots of Polynesian language, 338; of Egyptian, 342; roots of Chinese and other monosyllabic languages, their words also, 330-32, 334-7; various treatment of roots, in languages of different structure, 360; futility of comparison of roots of different families, 392-4; roots, how originated, 426-34; of what character and office, 423-6; their scantiness at the outset, 434.
rubber, 130.
Russian language, 191, 214; its synthetic character, 281.
Ruthenian language, 214.
-s, as ending, in English, of third person singular present of verbs, 63, 93, 267; of possessive case, 82; of plural, 82.
Sabean language, 299.
Sabellian or Sabine language, 220.
Samaritan language, 297.
Samoyedic branch of Scythian language, 309-10.
Sanskrit language, 150, 192, 225-9; its intrusion into India, 201; its importance to Indo—European philology, 4, 228-9.
Santal language, 327.
Sassanian inscriptions, 223.
Scandinavian group of Germanic languages, 188, 210, 212.
Schlegels, the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich von, referred to, 5.
Schleicher, Professor August, quoted or referred to, vi., 47 note, 163 note, 200, 203, 214 note, 272 note, 303 note, 331 note; his system of morphological notation explained, 364-7.
schooner, 38.
Science of language—see Linguistic science.
Scythian or Altaic family of languages, 308-21, 324-28; its branches, their age and literature, and history of the races speaking them, 308-15; uncertainty of the tie connecting them, 315-16, 320-21, 324; characteristic structural features, 316-20.
second, 108-9.
Semitic alphabet, 461-3.
Semitic family of languages, 234, 294-308; its branches, their age and literature, and history of the races speaking them, 294-300; characteristic structural features, 300-306, 360-61; triliteral roots, 301-3; internal flexion, 301, 361; conjugation, 303; declension, 304; syntax, 304; stiffness of meaning and persistence of form in Semitic words, 304-5; asserted connection, with this family, of Egyptian and other African dialects, 306-7, 343; of Indo-European family, 307, 394.
Semivowels, 91.
Servian language, 191, 214.
seven, 196.
Shah-Nameh, Persian epic of Firdusi, 223, 325.
shall and will, 86, 118.
Shelter, analogy between language and, 401-3.
Shemitic family—see Semitic.
Shi-King, Chinese classic, 332.
-ship, 60.
Shoshonee language, 350.
Siamese language, 336.
Sibilants, 91.
Sigismund of Germany, as language-maker, 36.
Signification of words, changes of, 100-123.
Silent letters in English words, 28.
Sinai, inscriptions of, 299.
Sioux language, 350.
Siryanian language, 309.
sister, 387.
Skipetar language—see Albanian.
slave, 131.
Slavic or Slavonic branch of Indo-European languages, 191, 213-15.
Slovakian language, 214.
Slovenian language, 214.
smith, 105.
Smith, 105.
Smithsonian Institution, 353.
Social nature of man, relation of speech to, 403-5, 440-41.
Sonant and surd letters, 91; their exchanges, 92-3.
Sorbian language, 214.
sound, 387.
Sounds, articulate—see Articulate.
South-African family of languages, 344-5.
sovereign, 468.
spake, 29.
