its sovereign right. "A free people," said Dickinson, "can never be too quick in observing nor too firm in opposing the beginnings of alteration either in form or reality, respecting institutions formed for their security. The first kind of alteration leads to the last. As violations of the rights of the governed are commonly not only specious, but small at the beginning, they spread over the multitude in such a manner as to touch individuals but slightly. Every free state should incessantly watch, and instantly take alarm at any addition being made to the power exercised over them." Who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised; but those who live under a government so constitutionally checked and controlled that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised.
The contest was plainly a contest of principle, and was
conducted entirely on principle by both parties. "The
amount of taxes proposed to be raised," said Marshall, the
greatest of constitutional lawyers, "was too inconsiderable to interest the people of either country." I will add the words of Daniel Webster, the great expounder of the Constitution, who is the most eloquent of the Americans, and stands, in politics, next to Burke: "The Parliament of Great Britain asserted a right to tax the Colonies in all cases whatsoever; and it was precisely on this question
that they made the Revolution turn. The amount of
taxation was trifling, but the claim itself was inconsistent
with liberty, and that was in their eyes enough. It was
against the recital of an act of Parliament, rather than
against any suffering under its enactment, that they took
up arms. They went to war against a preamble. They
fought seven years against a declaration. They saw in
the claim of the British Parliament a seminal principle of mischief, the germ of unjust power."
The object of these men was liberty, not independence. Their feeling was expressed by Jay in his address to the people of Great Britain: "Permit us to be as free as yourselves, and we shall ever esteem a union with you to be our greatest glory and our greatest happiness." Before
