itself arose without establishment, it arose even without
toleration, and whilst its own principles were not tolerated,
it conquered all the powers of darkness, it conquered all
the powers of the world. The moment it began to depart
from these principles, it converted the establishment into
tyranny, it subverted its foundation from that very hour.
It is the power of government to prevent much evil; it can
do very little positive good in this, or perhaps in anything
else. It is not only so of the State and statesman, but
of all the classes and descriptions of the rich: they are
the pensioners of the poor, and are maintained by their
superfluity. They are under an absolute, hereditary, and
indefeasible dependence on those who labour and are
miscalled the poor. That class of dependent pensioners
called the rich is so extremely small, that if all their
throats were cut, and a distribution made of all they
consume in a year, it would not give a bit of bread and
cheese for one night's supper to those who labour, and who
in reality feed both the pensioners and themselves. It is
not in breaking the laws of commerce, which are the laws
of nature and consequently the laws of God, that we are
to place our hope of softening the divine displeasure. It
is the law of nature, which is the law of God."
I cannot resist the inference from these passages that Burke, after 1770, underwent other influences than those of his reputed masters, the Whigs of 1 688. And if we find that strain of unwonted thought in a man who afterwards gilded the old order of things and wavered as to toleration and the slave trade, we may expect that the same causes would operate in France.
When the Letters of a Pennsylvanian Farmer became known in Europe, Diderot said that it was madness to allow Frenchmen to read such things, as they could not do it without becoming intoxicated and changed into different men. But France was impressed by the event more than by the literature that accompanied it. America had made herself independent under less provocation than had ever been a motive of revolt, and the French Government had acknowledged that her cause was righteous and
