184 BUSS ISLAND AND OTHERS miracle-working associations, and out of touch with most tests of reality, seems a likely place to be linked to some less abnormal island by a fanciful contribution of saintly white magic, a rumor originating nobody knows how. GROCLAND, HELLULAND, ETC. On the western side of the Atlantic there are divers instances of island names given of old sometimes with considerable changes of location, area, or outline, or of all three to regions which we know quite otherwise. Some of these have been dealt with ex- tensively already. Greenland has a lesser neighbor, Grocland, on its western side in divers sixteenth-century maps; which I take to be a magnified presentation of Disko or possibly a reflection of Baffin Land brought near. It appears conspicuously in Mercator's map of the Polar basin (I569), 21 the Hakluyt map of 1587 illus- trating Peter Martyr, 22 and the map of Mathias Quadus (1608). * This is not the place to enlarge on the Helluland, Mark- land, and Vinland of the Norsemen beginning with the eleventh century, as this theme has been dealt with elsewhere. 24 But they were often thought of as islands, as shown by the notice of Adam of Bremen. Perhaps there was never any great clearness of con- ception as to extent or form. But in a general way they may be identified respectively with northern Labrador, Newfoundland, and the warmer parts of the Atlantic coast. Great Iceland, or White Men's Land, seems also to have been understood as what we should now call America. Eugene Beauvois located it con- jecturally about the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. 25 Dr. Gus- tav Storm, on the other hand, thought it was merely Iceland misunderstood , 26 21 Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator, Berlin, 1891 Reference on,Weltkarte,Pl. 13. 22 Nordenskiold, Facsimile-Atlas, map 82 on p. 131. Ibid., PI. 49. 24 Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913; Recent History and Present Status of the Vinland Problem, Geogr. Rev., Vol. u, 1921, pp. 265-282; and Chapters VII and VIII, above. 25 Eugene Beauvois: La decouverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy, 1875. ^Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, Mimoires Soc. Royale dts Antiquaires du Nord (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884-89, pp. 307-370.
