of silver, copper, and iron. and valuable coal mines. Nova Scotia has large and valuable coal mines.
A smelter in British Columbia.
8. Lumbering.—The forests of Canada are very large, and are full of fine trees. Lumbering is one of the most important occupations.
Great rafts are floated down the St. Lawrence, as upon our own Mississippi. They are brought to Quebec, where they may be seen along the river bank for a distance of several miles.
9. Fur-bearing Animals.—Canada is one of the great fur-producing regions of the world. Foxes, wolves, sables, minks, martens, and other fur-bearing animals are found in abundance in the forests.
Hundreds of men, chiefly Indians, are employed in trapping the animals. They travel miles and miles through the forests in dog-sledges, or sail up and down rivers and lakes in canoes of birch bark, to visit their traps and skin the animals caught.
The skins are sold to the Hudson Bay company. This company has more than one hundred trading posts, called "forts", where the trappers bring the skins and sell them to the traders. York Fort formerly received all the skins collected at the other forts, and every year, when the ice in Hudson bay melted, ships came from England and took away the skins. Now the skins are sent to Winnipeg, which is the headquarters of the Hudson Bay company.
The home of a Canadian farmer. During the winter he cuts logs in the forest and hauls them to the banks of the streams. In the spring they are floated down to mills, where they are sawed into lumber.
10. Cities.—Montreal is the chief commercial city of Canada. It exports wheat and cattle.
Quebec is like a quaint old European town. It is built partly on the heights overlooking the St. Lawrence and partly on the river bank. It has an extensive commerce, and is a great timber market.
The great battle that gave Canada to England was fought in 1759 before the walls of Quebec. General Wolfe commanded the English troops; the Marquis of Montcalm the French. Both commanders lost their lives. A single monument has been erected to their memory.
Toronto has important manufactures, and is noted for its schools. Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, and St. John, in New Brunswick, have fine harbors. Their chief exports are lumber, fish, and potatoes.
Parliament buildings at Ottawa.
For Recitation.— What provinces does the Dominion of Canada contain? Who first settled Canada? What kind of climate has Canada? What are the leading products of Canada? What are the leading cities of Canada?
LESSON XLV.
1. Newfoundland.—Five years after Columbus discovered the New World, the English sent John Cabot on a voyage of discovery, to try and find a short passage to Eastern Asia. He sailed westward and discovered what he called a "new-found-land", a name which the island still retains.
Newfoundland has a cold climate.
