286 PHILOSOPHICAL PEEIODICALS. -cated, is about 4'5 per cent. (3) Tone-filled times, of the lengths mentioned, show nothing analogous to an indifference time. The error of estimation is always positive, and increases with increase of the normal time. This fact is connected with the other, that Weber's Law shows no lower deviation. The relative difference of estimation is mini- mal for times from 0'8 to 1'2 sees. (4) Heymans' law of inhibition is .inadequate to the results with mean gradations. These results support Kuelpe's conjecture that just noticeable differences increase with the Intensity of the limiting sensations, and admit of its extension to tem- poral comparisons. (5) There is a tendency, in the 'time sense,' to take ^absolutely equal differences to be equally large. The mid-times of the later series correspond approximately to the arithmetical mean of the limiting times, and there is no evidence of an influence of the position of the time-differences judged.] O. Kuelpe. 'Zur Frage nach der Beziehung der ebenmerklichen zu den iibermerklichen Unterschieden.' [Detailed reply to the criticism of Lehmann (Die korperlichen Aeusser- ungen psychischer Zustande, ii., 105) upon the work of Ament (Philoso- phische Studien, xvi.).] ARCHIV FUR SYSTEMATISCHE PHILOSOPHIE. Neue Folge. Bd. viii., 'Heft 4. U. K. Twardowski. ' Ueber Sogenannte Relative Wahr- heiten.' [The distinction between relative and absolute truth applies only to the outward form in which judgments are expressed. The judgments themselves are either always and unconditionally true or not true at all. All truth is absolute truth.] D. Koigen. ' Einsamkeit.' [Examines the various forms and conditions of the spiritual isolation of the individual from the society in which he lives. Special account is taken of the conditions prevailing at the present time.] W. Smith. ' What is Knowledge ? ' [" Knowledge of the self is given in every part of Conscious experience, and knowledge of the not-self, when it is possible, is given in the reproduction of the experience of the not- self."] Bd. ix., Heft 1. R, Holzapfel. ' Wesen und Methoden der sozialen Psychologie.' [Sociology which deals with the relations of social groups must ultimately be founded on the psychology of the relations between individual men leading to an investigation of the way in which ideals are formed and transformed.] Berthold Weiss. ' Gesetze der Gescbehens.' [The "laws" referred to are of the sort which Spencer formulates in his First Principles.] A. Marucci. ' Saggio Critico della Dottrin della Conoscenza.' VlERTELJAHRSSCHRIFT FUR WlSSENSCHAFTLICHE PHILOSOPHIE UND SociOLOGiE. Jahrgang xxvi. Neue Folge. Heft 4. Hermann Grdtz. ' War Herder ein Vorganger Darwin's ? ' [Shows that Herder did not anticipate any of the specially characteristic points of the Darwinian theory.] S. R. Steinmetz. 'Die Bedeutung der Ethnologic fur die Soziologie.' [Ethnology is far the most important and trustworthy source of sociological data.] Besprechungen, etc. PHILOSOPHISCHES JAHRBUCH. Bd. xv. Heft 2. St. Schindele. ' Die Aristotelische Ethik.' [This is the first of a series of papers in which the writer examines the principles of Aristotle's ethics in view of other systems, both ancient and modern. He considers Aristotle to have erred in positing happiness as the last and highest end of man, and St. Thomas does not succeed in showing that his meaning is in harmony with Christianity.] Hermann Strater. ' Ein modernes Moralsystem.' [The writer continues to attack Wundt's idea of morality. Will is not mere consciousness, not a mere intellectual process. The idea of Right, the categorical imperative, demands an imperans. There is a development
