NEW BOOKS. 547 ideal or absolutely normal standard by which we test the abnormal and correct erroneous inferences, and (6) that true perception works into a system of experience and that impressions have their place in a coherent scheme of things. But, apart from this occasional omission of points necessary for clear apprehension, there is little to complain of regarding the presentation of philosophic views. Where the real ground of com- plaint lies is here, that a great many philosophers are not represented in this work at all, and others are very inadequately so. The Greeks, the Cartesians, the French philosophers in general, and the philosophers of the Scottish school all get their due ; but little or no account is taken of Patristic philosophy, there are gaps in the representation of Alexandrian thought, and Scholastic philosophy finds meagre treatment, except in the section on Theodicy. Again, British philosophy and German philo- sophy after Kant play a very secondary part indeed. Take, for instance, the chapter on " The Association of Ideas ". Less than half a page is given to Hartley ; about the same amount of space is devoted to James Mill ; there is no mention of Prof. Bain at all ; recent views brought out in discussions in this journal and elsewhere are unnoticed. So that our writers have not been very successful in accomplishing that part of their purpose which was to present " the stage that they [the problems] have reached in our day ". That is a pity ; for the most modern aspects of the problems are not the least interesting nor the least important. Thus far this work is disappointing. But, on the other hand, there is a part of the task (as we have already said) that has been executed and executed well ; and for that many students of philosophy will be grateful, and thanks are due to Miss Monahan and Prof. Jones for presenting these volumes in English dress. WILLIAM L. DAVIDSON. Outlines of Psychology : an Elementary Treatise with some Practical Applica- tions. By JOSIAH ROYCE, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of the History of Philosophy in Harvard University. Prof. Royce's Book is he tells us an expansion of a formerly published Essay on the elementary principles and practical applications of psycho- logy, with a view to its inclusion in the Teachers' Professional Library, edited by Mr. Butler. Besides its value as the contribution of so distin- guished a philosopher to the starving Science of Education, it has a special interest for readers of MIND as the most systematic exposition of the writer's psychology which he has as yet given us. The Introductory chapters deal with definitions, the physical signs, nervous conditions and general features of conscious life, including one of the clearest and ablest criticisms of the " mind stuff" theory that we remember to have seen. The second and main portion of the book (chaps, v.-xiii.) rejects the usual division of modes of consciousness as the basis of discussion, substitut- ing for it a classification of mental factors into Sensitiveness, Docility, Initiative and bringing the different phases of mental life under one or other of these heads : Sensation, Imagery, Feeling appearing as forms of Sensitiveness ; Perception, Thought and Action of Docility. The last of these three factors is connected with the recent investigations of Prof. Loeb and others into the tropisms or general orientising reactions of plants and animals, effective use of which is further made in the author's account of the origin of our spatial perceptions. A further departure from orthodox text-book treatment is the recognition of a second series of feelings besides that of pleasure and pain, viz., restlessness and qui- escence taking the place of Wundt's two additional series of excitement
