566 PHILOSOPHICAL PEEIODICALS. mit sprungweise fortschreitender Exposition ruhender Gesichtsobjecte '. [Description of new instruments.] W. Gent. ' Volumpulscurven bei Geflihlen und Affecten.' [A plethysmographic study of the bodily ex- pression of affective and emotive processes, assuming the correctness of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feeling. We cite only the effects upon pulse. (1) Feelings. Tension gives a slowing of pulse, both as momentary and as chronic feeling ; relaxation a quickened pulse ; tension and activity together give slowing or quickening, according as the one or other feeling predominates (activity is regarded as a resultant of tension and excite- ment) ; unpleasantness, tension and excitement together give a reduction of the height of the pulse curve under the influence of unpleasantness ; pleasantness and tension together heighten the pulse, the rate of which is variable ; excitement heightens and slows the pulse beats ; tranquil- isation reduces and lengthens them. (2) Emotions. Exciting emotion quickens the pulse ; pleasant emotion gives a quickening of pulse followed by a slowing, while the height of the curve is either heightened or not affected ; asthenic unpleasant emotion lengthens the pulse, with reduction of height ; sthenic unpleasant emotion quickens it, with similar reduction.] W. Wundt. ' Schlusswort des Herausgebers.' Bd. xix., xx. These two volumes of the Philos. Studien were prepared by Wundt's former pupils, and handed to him on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, 16th Aug., 1902. With them the publication of the Studien, under Wundt's exclusive editorship, ceases. The place of the Stiidien is to be taken by the Archiv f. d. gesammte Psychologie, edited with the co-operation of Wundt and others by Prof. Meumann of Zurich. PHILOSOPHISCHES JAHRBUCH. Bd. xv. Heft 3. C. Gutberlet.
- Eine Ethik des freien Wollens.' [This article is a critique of Max
Wentscher's Ethik, not always friendly, although the book admits free- will. It is objected chiefly that the dependence of our will upon that of God, without which no morality is possible, is set aside, and a sort of independent moral substituted. There is also something to say against the author's very idea of Free-will.] Hermann Strater. ' Eine modernes Moralsystem.' [The writer points out that the principles of Wundt would turn all morality, all culture, all religion into an illusion ; and concludes by saying that his system is like a garden full of beautiful flowers and fruits but all tainted with poison. The poison is Pantheism.] Th. Isenkrape. 'Der Begriff der Zeit.' [In this, the second of three papers, the writer endeavours to prove that an infinite multitude of things, actually existing, is an absolute impossibility, in whatever sense Infinite be taken whether as ' without limits,' or * what cannot be thought of as greater ' or ' greater than any finite quantity '.] St. Schindele. ' Die Aristotelische Ethik.' [Aristotle, the writer goes on to say, places the highest good in contemplation ; he sets God out of the question, for God neither created, nor made, nor knows the world ; happiness is an intellectual activity of the soul, qua, virtuous ; virtue is an habitual preference of the mean between extremes ; many pas- sages seem to show that Aristotle was an Indeterminist.] R. Niestroj. ' Uber die Willensfreiheit nach Leibniz.' [The writer con- cludes by showing how Leibniz' stern Determinism encroached even upon God's freedom, forcing Him to choose the best possible plan of the universe, and to change nothing in the plan. Miracles are out of the question ; wonders are only part of the plan of nature. What he calls liberty, is exactly the same as necessity.] Bd. xv. Heft 4. St. Dunin Borkowski. ' Zur Geschichte der altesten Philosophic.' [This article deals with the most recent writers on the ancient philosophers of the East, and especially with the work of Prof. Straszewski (Straschewski)
