134 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. istie and correlative ". Joy-reactions to hypothetical gifts. Involuntary reactions of hand and head to opposed algedonic tones : in pleasantness, extension : flexion = 68 : 32 ; in unpleasantness, = 33'3 : 66'6 ; in indif- ference, = 51 : 49. Other tendencies, however, cut across the flexion- extension reactions. Voluntary arm-movement in response to affective stimuli ; agreeableness makes extension proportionally greater and flexion proportionally less, and mm versa. Involuntary leg-reactions to similar stimuli ; like results. Effects of joy on vascular system and respiration. Habitual inhibitions disguise the kinsesthetic ' extra- motions'. "Joy is an extension or expansion of the personality in both its aspects, mental and bodily."] No. 6. E. G. Dexter. 'Conduct and the Weather: an Inductive Study of the Mental Effects of Definite Meteorological Conditions.' [Study of questionnaire returns from teachers, superintendents, wardens ; and of data of school registration, attendance, deportment, 'assault and battery' cases, penitentiary dis- cipline, arrests for insanity, deaths, suicides, murders, clerical errors in national bank records, maximal strength tests, discrimination tests ; in comparison with barometric pressure, temperature, humidity, total movement of wind, character of day, precipitation. Impossible to sum- marise : author's conclusions are as follows : " Varying meteorological conditions affect directly the metabolism of life. The 'reserve energy' capable of being utilised for intellectual processes and activities other than those of the vital organs is influenced to a marked degree" by these conditions, as is the " quality of the emotional state ". " Reserve energy and emotional state are both factors in the determination of conduct."] AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. x., Nos. 3-4 (double number) S. E. Sharp. ' Individual Psychology : a Study in Psychological Method.' [The two problems of individual psychology ; the variation of mental processes as between individuals, and their interrelation within a single mind. Analysis of the work of Binet, Kraepelin, Cattell, Gilbert, etc. ; the French psychologists advise tests of the higher processes, the German look for best results from a study of the elementary psychoses. Experi- mental work upon the second problem by the method of tests (Binet). Advanced and junior students tested for memory, mental imagery, imagination, attention, observation and discrimination, tastes and ten- dencies. The "positive results are wholly incommensurate with the labour required for the devising of tests and evaluation of results ". But this is due simply to the fact that the necessary preliminary work has not yet been done. Binet's method, made more accurate, and worked out in detail until norms have been set up, promises to be exceedingly fruitful.] A. Carman. 'Pain and Strength Measurements of 1507 School Children in Saginaw, Michigan.' [Rough tables, showing very im- perfect knowledge of statistical method. Results : sensitivity to pain decreases with increase of age in both sexes ; girls are weaker and more sensitive than boys ; left temple is more sensitive than right ; clever children are stronger and more sensitive than dull ; etc.] L. W. Kline. 'Suggestions toward a Laboratory Course in Comparative Psychology.' [Practical suggestions for work with amoeba, paramecium, vorticella, hydra, earth worm, slug, fish, chick, white rat (psychic development, ex- perimental study of intelligence), cat. The writer knows the literature, and describes his experiments clearly, but his English is sometimes slovenly.] H. H. Ooddard. ' The Effects of Mind on Body as evidenced by Faith Cures.' [Extracts from an elaborate study, based partly on the questionnaire, of Christian Science, Divine Healing, Mental Science, Relic Cures, Hypnotic Therapeutics, Cures by Patent Medicines, etc. The author writes sympathetically, but also discriminatingly ; his promised
