bells, and had their hands blackened[1]; and again at Kostí in the extreme north of Thrace there is mummery of the same kind[2].
A scene of the same sort was formerly enacted in Athens also during the carnival, and was known by the expressive name [Greek: ta taramata] (i.e. [Greek: taragmata]), 'The Riotings.' A man dressed up as a bear used to rush through the streets followed by a crowd of youths howling and clashing any noisy instruments that came to hand. That this ceremony was originally of a religious character is shown not only by its association with the season of Lent, but by an accessory rite performed on the same occasion. Wooden statues, actually called [Greek: xoana] as late as the time of the Greek War of Independence, were carried out in procession; and the well-being of the people was believed to be so bound up with the due performance of these rites, that even during the Revolution, when Athens was in the hands of the Turks, a native of the place is said to have returned from Aegina, whither he had fled for safety, in order to play the part of the bear and to carry out the xoana for the general good[3].
The close connexion of these several modern customs, whether the occasion of them is the Twelve Days or Carnival-time, cannot be doubted. The variation of date is of old standing; for the canon of the Church, on which Balsamon[4] comments, condemns certain pagan festivals on March 1st (approximately the carnival time) along with the Kalandae and Brumalia; and the similarity of the dresses, masks, bells, and other accoutrements proper to both occasions proves the substantial identity of the festivals.
A comparison of these allied modern customs can only lead to one conclusion. The use of the same word to denote the mummers in Crete and the Callicantzari in Achaia; the name [Greek: rhoukatziaria] for these mummers at Palaeogratsana; the custom of blackening the face, which is clearly indicated by the employment of the name 'Arab' in this connexion; the monstrous and half-animal appearance produced by masks, foxes' brushes, goat-skins, and suchlike adornments; the attempted rape of the bride by the, Constantinople, 1873, p. 22.], [Greek: Hist. tôn Ath.] III. p. 162.]
