that, forsooth, it is impossible for a man to live there for half-an-hour. Vipers and snakes innumerable and every kind of wild beast share the possession of that country between them; and what is most marvellous, the natives say that if a man crosses the wall and enters the district beyond it, he immediately dies, being quite unable to withstand the pestilential climate which prevails there, and that any beasts that wander in there straightway meet their death."
'There seems little doubt that the wall here meant is the Wall of Hadrian, for the ancient geographers are confused about the orientation of the island.
'It is therefore probable that the vipers and wild beasts who lived beyond the wall were nothing more than the Caledonians, nor is it surprising to learn that a sudden death overtook either man or beast that crossed into their territory.'
That a native British statement made in the sixth century to the effect that the country beyond Hadrian's wall was pestilential in climate and infested with vipers, snakes, and wild beasts, should be considered as even probable evidence that either the Romans or the natives of Britain regarded the Caledonians as noxious animals, is to me surprising. The question whether the Centaurs were called Pheres because of their bestial repute among neighbouring tribes must be decided independently of that inference and on its own merits.
Secondly then, was there anything bestial in the conduct of the Centaurs, as known to Homer, which could have won for them the name of 'Beasts'? All that ancient mythology tells of their conduct may be briefly summarised; they fought with the men and carried off the women of neighbouring tribes, and occasionally drank wine to excess. Were the Achaeans then such ardent abstainers that they dubbed those who indulged too freely in intoxicants 'Beasts'? Did the invaders of Greece and the assailants of Troy hold fighting so reprehensible? Or was it the Centaurs' practice of carrying off the women of their enemies which convicted them of 'bestial lust'? In all ages surely humanum est errare, but in that early age the practice was not only human but manly; the enemy's womenfolk were among the rightful prizes of a raid. There is nothing then in mythology to warrant the belief that the Centaurs' moral conduct was such
