ordinary uu̯ or ou̯. Thus W. traw-af ‘I strike’ < *trug-ami < *prug- for *pu̯r̥g‑, √(s)phu̯ereɡ- § 97 v (3);—after i̯‑, iii (3), W. iau ‘yoke’: Lat. jugum, Gk. ζυγόν, Skr. yugám all < Ar. *jugóm;—before i retained as y, W. llewych ‘light’ < *lug-isk‑;—before lost i, O. W. poullor-aur, Ml. W. peullawr b.t. 25 ‘writing tablet’ < Lat. pugillāres;—before ‑ū, W. go-lev ‘light’ < Brit. *u̯o-lugū.—For ug before i̯ see § 104 ii (2).
(2) But oug has the regular development of ou̯ before a consonant, and gives *üᵹ > ü, as W. llu ‘host’, Ir. slūag < *sloug‑, § 95 i;—W. tru, tru-an ‘wretched’, Ir. trūag < *troug-os;—W. bu-arth ‘farmyard’ < *bou-gart‑: Lat. hortus § 99 vi.
vii. In Brit. m between vowels or sonants was already loosened to nasalized v or u̯; after a vowel it is therefore treated partly as a consonant and partly as the second element of a diphthong.
(1) am generally gives af as in the spv. ending ‑haf § 147 iv (2), hafal ‘like, equal’: Ir. samail § 94 i; affected it gives medially ef before a vowel, eif before i̯, ef or eu before n, as in defnydd or deunydd f. 37 ‘material’ < *dam-níi̯o‑: Ir. damnae id., √demā- ‘build’; cyntefig ‘primitive’: cyntaf ‘first’;—finally, eu, as W. edau, edeu ‘thread’ < *etamī, O. W. etem (≡ edɥṽ?), pl. edafeẟ < *etamíi̯ās < *petə‑, √petē‑; so Ml. W. gwelleu ‘shears’, Mn. W. gwellau pl. gwelleifiau; Mn. lit. gwellaif is deduced from the pl.; hynaif is doubtless analogical; so drycheif, dyrchaif, § 188 iii. The variant of ‑eu is ‑yf: crog-edyf ‘dropwort’.
(2) em gives ef finally, as in nef § 100 v; medially ef as in gefell ‘twin’ < Lat. gemellus; or ỿf as in Dyfed < Demeta; or (before w͡y) y(w) as in tywyll § 111 i (2), tywyẟ § 86 i (5); affected, finally, ‑yf or ‑eu; as cleẟyf or cleẟeu ‘sword’ < *klad-emō (cf. Gk. ἀκρεμών), √qolād‑; pl. cleddyfau a new formation; so neẟyf or neẟeu ‘adze’, § 130 i.
(3) om gives of as in dof ‘tame’: Lat. domāre; affected, yf as in Selyf § 69 iv (1); before ‑n- it gives af as in safn ‘mouth’ < *stom‑n‑: Gk. στόμα; affected, eif as in ceifn § 75 vii (1), simplified to ef, § 78 v, in the improper compound cefnderw, O. W. pl. ceintiru § 137 ii.
(4) um before a vowel gives ‑w(f), ‑ỿf‑, as in tw(f) ‘growth’, tyfu ‘to grow’: Lat. tumeo; before n it gives aw, af or w, as in
