juvencus, O. H. G. jung, E. young, Skr. yuvas̑áḥ ‘youthful’ < Ar. i̯uu̯n̥k̑os;—W. i̯aith ‘language’, Bret. iez < *i̯ek‑t‑: O. H. G. jehan ‘to say’; O. W. I̯ud- ‘*warrior’, W. udd ‘lord’ < *i̯eudh‑; i̯ôn, i̯ôr ‘lord’ < Kelt. *i̯ud-nós, i̯ud-rós § 66 v: Gk. ὑσμῑ́νη ‘battle’, Skr. yodháḥ ‘warrior’, yúdh id., yúdhyati ‘fights’; √i̯eudh‑.
(2) Ar. u̯- (Lat. v‑, Gk. ϝ- (lost), Germ. w‑, Lith. v‑, Skr. v‑) remained in Pr. Kelt.; it appears in Ir. as f‑, in W. as gw̯‑. Thus W. gw̯aith f. ‘fois’ (tair gwaith ‘3 times’), Ir. fecht id. < *u̯ekt‑, W. ar-w̯ain ‘to lead’ < *ari-u̯eg‑n- § 203 iv: Lat. veho, Gk. ἔχος Hes., ὄχος, Skr. váhati ‘conveys, draws, leads’, O. H. G. wagan, E. wain, way; √u̯eg̑h‑;—W. gw̯īr ‘true’, Ir. fīr: Lat. vērus, O. H. G. wār; Ar. *u̯ēros;—W. gw̯edd, gw̯ŷs § 63 iv; gw̯all § 99 iii (1).—So before l or r: W. gw̯lyb § 58 iv, gw̯lad § 63 vii (2), gw̯raidd § 91.
Though gw̯r- generally remains, it became gw̯n- in gw̯nā́ ‘make, do’: Bret. gra, Corn. gwra < *u̯rag‑: cf. Corn. gwreans ‘work’, gw̯rear ‘worker’ < *u̯reɡ‑. In the Oldest W. r remains: guragun tagc (≡ gw̯raᵹwn taŋc) b.s.ch. 2 ‘let us make peace‘, wreith b.a. 22 ‘was made’ < *u̯rekt‑; later gwnech l.l. 120, bt. 64 ‘may do’ < *u̯rek‑s‑; Ml. W. goreu ‘did’ < *u̯erāg- < perf. *u̯e-u̯rōɡ-e; √u̯ereg‑: E. work, Gk. ἔργον (ϝέργον). Also in gw̯nī́o ‘to sew’: Bret. gria id., Corn. gwry ‘seam’ < *u̯rēɡ‑, same root; cf. Ir. fracc ‘needle’, fraig ‘osier’: Gk. ῥῆγος, etc. (orig. meaning ‘bend’, hence ‘weave’, hence ‘work’; see Walde s. v. vergo).
When gw̯r- or gw̯l- is followed by a rounded vowel or w̯-diphthong, it may become gr- or gl- by dissimilation: W. grug for gw̯rug § 75 ii; glyw for gw̯lyw § 102 iii (2).
(3) Ar. ‑i̯- and ‑u̯- between vowels remained in Pr. Kelt.; they disappear in Ir., but generally remain in W., though sometimes altered; see §§ 75, 76, and iii (1) below.
ii. (1) After an initial consonant i̯ or u̯ was liable to drop from the earliest period § 101 ii (2); thus W. doe, Lat. heri, Gk. χθές: Skr. hyáḥ § 98 i (3);—W. dall: Goth. dwals § 99 iii (2). But u̯ remained in Brit. after guttural mediae, § 92 iv, and after s- § 94 iv; and i̯ remained in some forms. In W. in this position i̯ generally became i; thus W. dī́eu ‘days’ for di̯eu as in Mn. W. trĭ́di̯au ‘3 days’ (the accentuation implies O. W. di̯‑) < Brit. *di̯ou̯es, < *di̯éu̯es (i̯ou̯ > W. i̯eu § 76 iii (3)). The hesitation between i̯ and i must go back to O. W. when the accent was on the ult. and the i would be unaccented. Lat. i became i̯ early, and
