Verbal Noun.
karu; caru
Verbal Adjectives.
karedic, karadwy; caredig, caradwy.
ii. Stems ending in ‑i̯- (Ml. W. ẏ) drop the i̯ before i, y, and u; as rhŏ́di̯af, rhŏ́dir, rhŏ́dynt, rhŏ́dut; sŏ́ni̯af, sŏ́nnir, etc.; and stems in ‑w̯- drop the w̯ before w as cắdw̯af, cắdwn; see § 36 i, ii.
Notes and Additional Forms.
§ 173. Pres. Ind.—i. In the 2nd sg. and pl. and the imps., a and aw in the stem are affected; thus Mn. W. teli ‘thou payest’, ceni ‘thou singest’, gw̯randewi ‘thou listenest’, gw̯randéwch for gw̯randéw̯wch ‘ye listen’, gofelir ‘care is taken’, amcenir ‘an attempt is made’.
ii. The 1st sg. ends in ‑af; in b.b. written ‑aw, as dywedaw, kyuodaw, credaw 82 (≡ dywedaf, cyfodaf, credaf); in O.W., ‑am (≡ aṽ), as ni choilam ox. 22b ‘I do not believe’.
Traces of an ending ‑if occur: gwneif B.A. 1 ‘I will do’, kuynhiw b.b. 100 ‘I complain’, kynn mudif lle r.p. 1037 ‘before I change [my] place’, cenif, dygif m.a. i 191 ‘I sing, I bring’; cf. Bret. fut. kaninn.
iii. (1) The Ml. ending ‑y of the 2nd sg. remains in D.G., see ceny 186, rhedy 132, and is sometimes met with later; but in Mn. W. generally it became ‑i, see § 77 iv.
(2) The Ml. ‑y itself seems to be for ‑yẟ = Bret. ‑ez by loss of ‑ẟ, § 110 iv (3); the form ‑yẟ occurs in Early Ml. verse: ymwaredit b.b. 19 (where ‑it ≡ ‑yẟ) ‘savest thyself’, digonit ib. ‘committest’, guneit do. 23 ‘makest’; roẟyẟ b.t. 57 ‘givest’, mal y kynnullyẟ yt wesceryẟ ib. ‘as thou gatherest thou scatterest’. Before di the ‑ẟ was lost early: nerthiti ox. gl. hortabere, Ml. W. nerthy di ‘thou strengthenest’ (cf. diwedyẟ for *diweẟ-dyẟ § 110 iv (2)).
(3) In some expressions in common use forms without an ending occur; thus beside wely dy yna w.m. 36 we have wel dy yna r.m. 23 ‘seest thou there?’ wel dy racco w.m. 59, etc. § 221 iv (2). So os mɥn di E.M. 93 ‘if thou wilt’; and dial, fɥ́n di ‘wilt thou?’ glɥ́w di ‘dost thou hear?’ Without di we have os mɥ́n D.G. 113 ‘if thou wilt’.
iv. (1) The standard form of the 3rd sg. has no ending. The vowel of the stem undergoes the ultimate i-affection § 83 ii; thus daliaf ‘I hold’, deil ‘holds’;—archaf ‘I bid’, eirch ‘bids’;—galw̯af ‘I call’, geilw̯;—safaf ‘I stand’, saif;—paraf ‘I cause’, pair, peir;—gannaf ‘I am contained’, v.n. genni ‘to be contained’ (< *ꬶhn̥d‑: Lat. pre‑hendo, Gk. χανδάνω), 3rd sg. gain, see example; in Ml. W. (g)ein r.p. 1055, see vi (3) below, also geing by § 106 i (2), whence ng spread to other forms;—agoraf ‘I open’, egyr;—collaf ‘I lose’,
