(3) The 3rd sg. impf. ind. has the ending ‑ẏat, ‑at, Mn. W. ‑i̯ad. The ending ‑ei is rare in Ml. W.: gwyẟyei b.a. 6, r.p. 1264. The ‑ẏ- (≡ i̯) in gwyẟẏwn etc. doubtless spread from ‑ẏat; it did not come into general use. In Mn. W. ‑i̯ad survived in poetry, but gwyddai, adwaenai became the usual forms. See gwyẟẏat w.m. 183, r.m. 85, s.g. 11, atwaenat s.g. 72, w.m. 150.
- Yr oedd i rai a wyddiad
- Obaith dyn o fab i’th dad.—T.A., a 14694/117.
‘There was, to those who knew, hope of a man in a son of thy father.’ See adwaeniad D.G. 430, T.A. g. 234.
(4) On the ‑t- for ‑d- before w̯, see § 111 v (2).
(5) Note the accentuation of gwybū́m, adnabū́m, in which the last syllable has a late contraction, § 41 iii. Uncontracted gwybū́-um occurs as late as the 15th cent.; see § 33 iv. The 3rd sg. gẃybu, adnábu has no contraction, and is accented regularly.
- O’r tad Hywel ap Cadell,
- Nid adnabū́m dad neb well.—T.A., c 84/849.
‘[Sprung] from his father, H. ap C.,—I have not known a better father to anyone.’ Cf. adnabûm, so accented, b.cw. 105; so canfûm do. 16, 91. Ml. W. gwybuum w.m. 389, adnabuum ib.
iii. (1) gwnn probably comes from *u̯indṓ § 66 iii (1), or middle *u̯indṓi: Skr. vindá-ti ‘finds’, Ir. ro-finnadar ‘is wont to know’, √u̯eid- with ‑n- infix. The 3rd sg. gŵyr seems to be a deponent form made by adding the impers. *‑re directly to the root § 179 viii (2); thus *u̯eid-re > *u̯eig-re (§ 104 iv (3)) > gŵyr.—The 2nd sg. gwẟost represents a periphrastic form *u̯idós’si, verbal adj. + verb ‘to be’, the remnant of a tense like euthum, re-formed in the pl. with aor. endings § 182 iv (1). In Mn. W., and occasionally in Late Ml. W. gwẟ- becomes gwyẟ- on the analogy of the other tenses. The impers. gwŷs prob. represents a passive *u̯id-tos (’st).
The tense replaces the old perf. with pres. meaning, *u̯oida: Gk. οἶδα.
(2) The impf. 3rd sg. gwyẟiad may be for *gwẟiad § 180 iv (1). The 2nd sg. gwyẟut may represent a thematic *u̯eidoithēs, in which case its wy is original; and the 3rd sg. may have taken wy from this. The wy is the falling diphthong: Pob meistrolrw͡ydd a w͡yddud D.G. 460.
(3) The rest of the verb comes from periphrastic tenses formed of a present participle of some such form as *u̯eidans and the verb ‘to be’.
iv. (1) adwaen corresponds to Ir. ad-gēn, which comes from *ati-gegna, re-formed in Kelt. for *g̑eg̑nōu: Skr. jajn̑ā́u, Lat. nōv‑i, √g̑enē‑; but W. adwaen, which is for *adwoen § 78 ii (1) (2), contains ‑u̯o- as pointed out by Rhys, RC. vi 22; it seems also to have the vowel of the reduplicator elided; thus adwaen < *ati-u̯o-kn‑a < *ati-u̯o‑g’gn‑a. It may however represent *ad-wo-ein < *ati-u̯o-gegn‑a. The 3rd sg. had *‑e for *‑a and gives the same result in W. The rest
