ELEMENTS in blood or tissue: METHOD 8005, Issue 2, dated 15 August 1994 - Page 4 of 6
sample, C sy (µg/mL). Treat the blank solution similarly [i.e., C b is the concentration (µg/mL) of analyte on the blank and C by is the concentration of yttrium in the blank]:
GUIDELINES TO INTERPRETATION: Acceptable and unacceptable levels for elements have not been determined by this method. Iyengar [6] reports metals concentrations in tissues and body fluids. Lauwerys [7] discusses metals and can be consulted for guidance and interpretation. For tissue, trace element concentrations will vary with the tissue type or organ. Iyengar [6] reports metals concentrations for different tissues of non-occupationally exposed people. Blood metal concentrations of non-occupationally exposed individuals are given in Table 2.
REFERENCES: [1] Hull, R. D. Analysis of Trace Metals for Occupationally Exposed Workers, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 33, (1984). [2] Hull, R. D. ICP-AES Multielement Analysis of Industrial Hygiene Samples, NTIS Publication No. PB 85-221414, (1985). [3] Katz, S. A. Amer. Biotechnology Lab., 2(4), 24-30 (1984). [4] Versieck, J., F. Barbier, R. Cornelis and J. Hoste. Talanta , 29, 973-984 (1982). [5] Behne, D. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem ., 19, 115-120 (1981). [6] Iyengar, G. V., W. E. Kollmer and H. J. M. Bowen. The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids, Verlag Chemie., New York (1978). [7] Lauwerys, R. R. Industrial Chemical Exposure : Guidelines for Biological Monitoring , Biomedical Publications, Davis, CA (1983). [8] Toxic and Trace Metals in the Workplace and the Natural Environment, Environmental Sciences Associates, Inc., Bedford, MA 01730 (1981). [9] Tipton, I.H. and J.J. Shafer. Statistical Analysis of Lung Trace Element Levels, Arch. of Environ . Health, 8, 66 (1964). [10] Brune, D., G. Nordberg and P.O. Wester. Distribution of 23 Elements in the Kidney Liver and Lungs of Workers from a Smeltery and Refinery in North Sweden Exposed to a Number of Elements and of a Control Group., Sci. of the Total Environ ., 16, 13 (1980). [11] Mulay, I.L., R. Roy, B.E. Knox, N.H. Shur and W.E. Delaney. Trace Metal Analysis of Cancerous and Noncancerous Human Tissues, J. of the Natl. Cancer Inst., 47, 9 (1971). Some Inorganic Substances in Body Fluids and Tissues, presented at AIHA Annual Meeting, Detroit, MI (1961). [12] Smith, R.G. A Summary of Recent Information on "Normal Levels" and "Significant Levels" of Some Inorganic Substances in Body Fluids and Tissues, presented at AIHA Annual Meeting, Detroit, MI (1961). [13] Crable, J.V., R.G. Keenan, R.E. Kinser, A.W. Smallwood and P.A. Mauer. Metal and Mineral Concentrations in Lungs of Bituminous Coal Miners, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 29, 106 (1968). [14] Sweet, D.V., W.E. Crouse and J.V. Crable. Chemical and Statistical Studies of Contaminants in Urban Lungs, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 39, 515 (1978). [15] Lauwerys, R. Biological Criteria for Selected Industrial Toxic Chemicals: A Review, Scand. J. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition, 8/15/94
