gravity, and in the latitude of Paris, the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds is 3 Paris feet, and 8½ lines, or rather because of the weight of the air, 85⁄9 lines, the length of a pendulum vibrating in the same time under the equator will be shorter by 1,087 lines. And by a like calculus the following table is made.
| Latitude of the place. |
Length of the pendulum |
Measure of one degree in the meridian. | ||
| Deg. | Feet | Lines. | Toises. | |
| 0 | 3 | . | 7,468 | 56637 |
| 5 | 3 | . | 7,482 | 56642 |
| 10 | 3 | . | 7,526 | 56659 |
| 15 | 3 | . | 7,596 | 56687 |
| 20 | 3 | . | 7,692 | 56724 |
| 25 | 3 | . | 7,812 | 56769 |
| 30 | 3 | . | 7,948 | 56823 |
| 35 | 3 | . | 8,099 | 56882 |
| 40 | 3 | . | 8,261 | 56945 |
| 1 | 3 | . | 8,294 | 56958 |
| 2 | 3 | . | 8,327 | 56971 |
| 3 | 3 | . | 8,361 | 56984 |
| 4 | 3 | . | 8,394 | 56997 |
| 45 | 3 | . | 8,428 | 57010 |
| 6 | 3 | . | 8,461 | 57022 |
| 7 | 3 | . | 8,494 | 57035 |
| 8 | 3 | . | 8,528 | 57048 |
| 9 | 3 | . | 8,561 | 57061 |
| 50 | 3 | . | 8,594 | 57074 |
| 55 | 3 | . | 8,756 | 57137 |
| 60 | 3 | . | 8,907 | 57196 |
| 65 | 3 | . | 9,044 | 57250 |
| 70 | 3 | . | 9,162 | 57295 |
| 75 | 3 | . | 9,258 | 57332 |
| 80 | 3 | . | 9,329 | 57360 |
| 85 | 3 | . | 9,372 | 57377 |
| 90 | 3 | . | 9,387 | 57382 |
By this table, therefore, it appears that the inequality of degrees is so small, that the figure of the earth, in geographical matters, may be considered as spherical; especially if the earth be a little denser towards the plane of the equator than towards the poles.
Now several astronomers, sent into remote countries to make astronomical observations, have found that pendulum clocks do accordingly move slower near the equator than in our climates. And, first of all, in the year 1672, M. Richer took notice of it in the island of Cayenne; for when, in the month of August, he was observing the transits of the fixed stars over the meridian, he found his clock to go slower than it ought in respect of the mean motion of the sun at the rate of 2′ 28″ a day. Therefore, fitting up a simple pendulum to vibrate in seconds, which were measured by an excellent clock, he observed the length of that simple pendulum; and this he did over and over every week for ten months together. And upon his return to France, comparing the length of that pendulum with the length
