scribed, the evident care that no avenue of escape remain unguarded, leave no room to doubt the purpose and intent of that statute. What did the legislature intend to accomplish in excepting building and loan associations from its provisions? The thought should be emphasized that these associations are organized, primarily, for the purpose of dealing with their own stockholders, as hereinbefore described, and that as to such dealings they may constitutionally be exempted from the operation of all usury laws; that their only authority for dealing with outside parties comes from § 7, chapter 40, Laws 1889; and that the conditions therein prescribed are exceptional, and in properly organized and conducted associations will rarely or never occur, particularly as § 9 of the same chapter gives the directors authority to force the withdrawal of all unpledged stock. Mr. Endlich, in speaking of loans to outside parties, says (page 160): "Yet such loans must be regarded as shifts, allowable from the necessities of the case, for the purpose of obviating the contingency of its funds remaining idle on its hands for lack of members to take them up." These associations are not organized to transact any such business. It is a mere incident that may or may not be forced upon them. The legislature of 1889, in defining these associations as "benevolent institutions," did not contemplate or include these dealings with outside parties. Did not the legislature of 1890 use the term in the same sense? Prior to the passage of the law of 1890 these associations could not charge their own stockholders interest, as such, in excess of 12 per cent.; and, if the legislature desired to remove that restriction, § 11 had an office to perform. But should we hold that the section goes further and includes these now exceptional transactions with outside parties, then the gates would be thrown down and the promoters of any monied institution could organize strictly in accordance with the statute as a building and loan association, pay in their stated stipends, and, as there would be no demand whatever for the money among the stockholders, all the funds could be loaned to outside parties, with no restrictions whatever as to form of contract or rate of interest, and the result would be the exact reverse of what the legislature intended in passing the
