430 NOTES AND QUERIES. [io» s. iv. NOV. 25. UK emblazoned family tree, at what date would it be correct to place the arms of heiresses in pretence upon the shields of their husbands ? Again, should the arms of an heiress descend as a Quartering to all her children,or only to her eldest son and heir? Q. B. OPEN-AIR PULPITS.—Lately at the Hotel Brufani, Perugia, I overheard an American lady exclaiming," That lovely open-air pulpit —I never saw one before. I really must go and see it again !" She was referring to St. Bernardino's pulpit outside the Duomo. It occurred to me that a full list of open-air pulpits known to exist or to have existed in Britain would be very interesting, if no such list has been already compiled. May I ask for information on this subject? CHARLES SWYNNEHTON. PARKER'S CONSECRATION AND "SUFFRAGAN" BISHOPS.—On 0 September, 1559, a commis- sion was issued to the Bishops of Durham, Bath, and Peterborough, together with Kitchin, Bishop of Llandaff, and Barlow, the record of whose consecration is missing, and Scory, who was consecrated by Cranmer in 1551, commanding them to consecrate Parker Archbishop of Canterbury. The three first mentioned refused to conform to Pro- testantism, and Kitchin, though conforming, refused to act. Accordingly, another com- mission was issued on 6 December, 1559, to Kitchin, Barlow, and Scory, with Coverdale, consecrated by Cranmer in 1551, John Hodgkins, Bishop of Bedford, and John Salisbury, Bishop of Thetford. In the event Parker was consecrated by Barlow, Scory, Coverdale, and Hodgkins, Kitchin still re- fusing. Why was Stanley, Bishop of Sodor and Man (who conformed), not commanded to consecrate Parker? And why did John Salisbury not join? As it happened, no bishop with a see consecrated Parker, and only one auxiliary bishop. Besides (1) Hodgkins and (2) Salisbury, who both undoubtedly conformed, there were alive in England (3) Lewis Thomas, Bishop of Shrewsbury, who died 1560/1; (4) Thomas Sparke, Bishop of Berwick, who conformed, and died in possession of his preferments 22 February, 1571 ; and (5) Robert Pursglove, Bishop of Hull, who refused to conform. The probability is that (6) William Finch, Bishop of Taunton, who died in 1559, had died before either commission was issued. The late Dr. F. G. Lee, in his book ' The Church under Queen Elizabeth,' at p. 31, seems to have thought that three other auxiliary bishops were available, viz. (7, 8, and 9) the Bishops of Ipswich, Marlborough, and Shaf tesbury ; but Thomas Manning, or Sad- borne, Bishop of Ipswich, does not appear after 1542, in which year he resigned the College of Mottingham ; Thomas Morley, or Bickley, Bishop of Marlborough, seems to have died in 1553 (Wilts ArchceologM Magazine, v. 41); and of Thomas Bradley, or Stephens, Bishop of Shaftesbury, no record appears to exist, except that of his consecra- tion. When did he die? Were any other "suffragan" (i.e., auxiliary) bishops alive at the accession of Queen Elizabeth? JOHN B. W A INE WRIGHT. SCOTCH COMMUNION TOKENS. (10th S. iv. 387.) TOKENS came into use in the Presbyterian Church al most immediately after the Reform>- tion. They are mentioned in the Session Records of St. Andrews under date 7 May, 1572. They were struck in Edinburgh by order of the Dean of Guild before 1579. From that time onwards they have been in constant use in the Church of Scotland, and they have been adopted by the other Presby- terian Churches in succession, not only in Scotland, but in America and in the British colonies. Though the token is still in use in many churches, it is gradually being super- seded by a printed card. Formerly they were oftener called " tickets " than " tokens ; but even what were called tickets were generally made of lead, brass, or other alloy, and even of leather. For these particulars I am in- debted to an article by the Rev. Dr. Paul, of Edinburgh, printed in the 'History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club,' vol. xvi, 1899, p. 109, with four illustrative plates of Border Church tokens. The oldest dated Scottish token known to Dr. Paul is of 164& The writer adds that it is a mistake to sap- pose that the custom belongs solely to Presbyterianism or even to Protestantism. Certificates or tokens we_re used by the Roman Catholic Church in some parts of Europe after the Council of Trent. There is also evidence of their use in the Church of England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. R, OLIVER HESLOP. Newcaatle-upon-Tyne. This subject has been very fully dealt with by the Rev. Thomas Burns, F.R.S.E, in the fourth chapter of his ' Old Scottish Com- munion Plate ' (Edinburgh, 1892). At p. 4-*' he says :— "There can be little doubt that the token ha> been in uae since the Reformation That the token
