76 NOTES AND QUERIES. [12 Svvn. JULY 24,1020. although Dr. Leo enumerates it in his list of places derived from the Anglo-Saxon appel. The Britons were very fond of apples, and it is ?aid that the apple tree was introduced into this country from Gaul by the Haedui, tho tribe which inhabited the northern and ea tern parts of Somerset. The art of making cide" and perry appears to have been taught the British by their Roman conquerors, who named the-e beverages "pyrum" and "sidera," from which our modern names have been derived. The modern word 'apple "is evidently from the Celtic avail or aball. Hence Avalonia, the apple orchard, one of the ancient name < of Glastonbury. W. G. WILLIS WATSON. Exeter. There is no reason to doubt that " apple " means apple in most of the place-names which it distinguishe-. Oaks and ashes have been the ma.rk of some spots, apple trees of others. To them, even Avalon has been referred. Dr. Richard Morris, in * The Etymology of Local Names 1 (p. 18), inter- prets Appleton. and Appleby, Appuldur- combe, Appleshaw, Appledore and Apple- thwaite, as having reference to the fruit, and of Applebury Street Professor Skeat wrote in ' The Place-Names of Hertford- shire ' (p. 67), "apple is obvious." I have read somewhere, but cannot just now remember where, that the dur in Appul- durcombe represents a Celtic word signifying tree : combe is a valley. Dr. Isaac Taylor stated in ' Names and their Histories ' (p. 50), that it had been supposed that Appleby, Westmoreland, was a corruption or transla- tion of the Roman Aballaba. Applecross in Rosshire he connected with aber, the mouth of a stream, the prefix having been originally aper. ST. S WITHIN. CRYPTOGRAPHY (12 S. vii. 30). The following books deal with this subject : Albert! (L. B.) La cifra (in Opuscoli morali, 1568). Diet, de paleogr. cryptogr, &c., (in Migne, Encycl., S. 2 v. 47). Gessmann (G. W.) Geheimsymbole d. Chemie u. Med. d. Mittelalters, 1900. Heidel (W. G.) Trithemi Steganographia, 17H1. Hulme (P. E.) Cryptography, n.d. Katuzniacki (E.) Alt. Geheimschrift d. Slavcn, 1 883. Lacroix (P.) Les Secrets, 1858. Poe (E. A.) Cryptography (in works). Simonetta (C.) Regies, U74 (in ' EcoledesChartes,' t. olj 1890). Thicknesse (P.) Treatise, 1772. Wheatstone (C.) Sci. papers, 1879. voMi ( ^80'?) :erCUry> 1694(?); (and in 'Works,' A. R. BAYLEY. Perhaps W. S. B. H, may find what he-. wants in Vesin, ' La Cryptographie ctevoilee- ou art de traduire toutes les ecritures en; quelques caracteres et en quelques- langues- que ce soit, &c.' BruxeHes, 1840; Godalming. J ' R K There is a book on ' Cryptography or The- History, Principles, and Practice of Cipher-' writing,' by F. Edward Hulme, F.L.S., F.S.A., published by Ward Lock & Co.,. 8vo. pp. 192, n.d. J. CASTET/LO. 23 Oxford Square, Hyde Park, W, The following treat of sixteenth and seven- teenth century systems of secret writing : - Systema Integrum Cryptographic* Authore r Gustavo Siieno. 1624. Traicte des ChitTres, par Blaise de Viginere-. 1586,. De Furtivis Literarum Notis vulgo cle Ziferis. lo. Baptista Porta. 1602. Mercury, or the Secret Messenger.- Bishop- Wilkins. 2nd ed., 1694. W. H. MURPHY- GRIMSHAW. Eastry, Kent. EMERSON'S 'ENGLISH TRAITS' (12 S. vi. 234, 275, 302; vi. 9, 73, 228 r 257, 276 r - 297; vii. 19, 31, 57). 2. (at last reference). The King's Proclamation of Aug. 13, 1660, for calling in and suppressing Milton's- ' Prc~ Populo Anglicano Defensio ' and *" Eikono- klastes,' as well as ' The Obstructors of Justice,' by John Goodwin, is given in J. A. St. John's preface to Milton's Prose Works.. Persons in possession of the books denounced were commanded to " deliver or cause the same to be delivered, to the Mayor, Bailiffs, or other chief officer or Magistrate, in any of the said Cities, Borroughs r or Towns Incorporate .... or if living in either of Our Universities, then to the Yice-Chancellor of that University, where he or they do reside." If not voluntarily delivered such books - were to be seized by the chief magistrates, &c., who were specially charged and com- manded to deliver all such books to the sheriffs of the respective counties. " And the said Sheriffs are hereby also required' in time of holding such assizes [the first and next assizes that shall after happen.], to cause the- same to be publicly burnt by the hand of the- common hangman." St. John adds that " in obedience to this order several copies of the proscribed books, as Mr. Mitford observes.,, were committed to the flames on the 27th of August." Does this last date refer to London only ? But there is a later occasion when the University of Oxford on its own account-
