9*8. XL FEB. 21, 1903.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
153
Nevertheless, may not the first tw
letters of Istatnboul represent the Greek ecs
The writer in ' Chambers's Encyclopaedia
describes as " fanciful " the suggested deriva
tion of Istamboul from ccs TTJV 7roA.ii/. Bu
the pronunciation of Istamboul differs littl
from that of the three Greek words. Anc
why is its derivation from the word Constan
tinople more probable? Suppose the wore
K(DV(TTavTivovTro\.i<s was shortened to three
syllables, is there any reason why a-rav anc
Ti-oA, both syllables being unaccented, shoulc
be preserved? Would not the accented
syllable be more likely to survive than any
of the unaccented syllables? In fact, the
Turkish equivalent for Constantinople, as
used, for instance, on the coinage, is Costan-
tiniye. E. M. S.
The prosthetic / in the name Istambul is not an isolated instance in geographical names transplanted by the Turks from the Franks' into their own language. Thus Szalankemen in Hungary has become Islan- kamen in Turkish ; Vlakhia (Wallachy), Iflak. Zvornik has been turned into Izvornik, Szerem into Isrim, Slavia into Islavin, &c. All the above names are from works of Turkish historians of the sixteenth century.
The Greek At/z^i/ (bay, port, &c.) has remained without the prosthetic i, thus limdn (as, e.g., Buyuk Liman, Kadi Limari), but occasionally we find Iliman also, though I am unable to quote an example just now.
The derivation of Stambul from Constanti- nople is, I believe, as old as the hills.
L. L. K.
ANCIENT DEMESNE OK CORNWALL FEE (9 th S. x. 443). The question as to South Tawton can easily be answered. Certainly at the time of Domesday it was one of those manors which had belonged to the family of Harold T.R.E., and so had escheated to the Crown and formed part of the county farm. Henry I. gave the fee to Rosaline Beaumont, but a reserved rent (socage) was retained by the Crown, and formed part of Queen Isa- bella's dowry in the reign of Henry II. The fee as "ancient demesne" continued to be held of the king till the sixteenth century, but the reserved rent after the death of Earl Reginald was held of the Duchy of Cornwall.
T. W. WHALE, M.A. Bath.
JEWS AND ETERNAL PUNISHMENT (9 th S. x. 229, 334). Supplementing my crude reply to
.MR. HOOPER'S query, I may say frankly that one exact date when the doctrine of reward ind punishment became one of the formulae
p the Jewish faith has never been clearly
ascertained. Its growth was wisely restrained
by rabbinical anathema until the close of the
Talmudical writings, when in the Gaonic
period it gradually crystallized, and Mai-
monides in the twelfth century gave it
permanence. Therefore every reference to
heathen nations such as the Persians,
Greeks, Romans, Idumeans, &c., extant in
the Talmud could only concern itself with
the material, and could take no cognizance of
the spiritual well-being of those peoples.
Assuredly a deadly hatred of the detestable
practices, the vile rites, and the lascivious
orgies of those heathen races justified the
ban and the boycott proclaimed against them
by the rabbis. Social and commercial inter-
course was stringently forbidden so long as
they remained entrenched in the strongholds
of debauchery and idolatry. Once they
renounced some of their hideous materialism,
and took the pledge to conform to " the seven
Noachian precepts," they passed out of the
state of nakoom into the higher state of
nochree, and ultimately, if so disposed, became
gyrei tsaydek. A war of extermination was
preached not against the heathen, but against
the vile things he did ; and if, like the Old
uard, he preferred to die gamely rather than
to surrender his disgusting fetishes to the
remorseless invasion of Jewish Unity, the
rabbis who penalized him by boycott, <fec.,
merely displayed that zealous regard for their
flock which is the basis of all rational govern -
ment and the mainstay of the social fabric
n times of turbulence and civic danger.
This rabbinical attitude towards the heathen
s beautifully summarized in Tractate Megillah
13 : " God smites the Gentiles and then
leals their wounds." Towards the Nochreem
a less rigid discipline was in force : so much
so that works of mercy and humane offices
were ordained ; the Jews were directed to
eed and clothe the poor and to bury the
dead Nochreem (Ketuboth 61). Of these
jyrei tsaydek (righteous aliens), many rose to
?reat eminence in the Jewish commonwealth.
Dnkelos, the author of the Targum, and Rabbi
Akiba are well-known examples. Far from
>eing "trained for generations in hostility
and contempt towards Gentile nations," every
ncouragement was given to the Hebrews to
nduce the Gentiles to enter the pale. This
merely accords with the overwhelming
vidence of the Scriptures, which the rabbins
rystallized into a dictum, "Be rather of the
>ersecuted than of the persecuting class,"
nd of which the well-known story of * The
Nochree and Shammai' (rival of the great
lillel) is typical of the sympathies of the
~ews of that age towards the world at large.
