9*8. vi. OCT. 27, i9oo.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 337 in the opening up of professions, such as the medical, scholastic, legal, architectural, &c. The ancient custom of ecclesiastical control over medical, scholastic, and legal practitioners had worked well, and there was no good reason for disturbing it in the sixteenth century. By degrees these professions have grown, and have been able to stand for a long time in the strength of the character, position, and education of their members. But it was not always so. It is not historically true to speak of an " unwarranted assumption of power " in this connexion. The power was accorded and recognized as the best possible arrangement at the time. When it ceased to be the best possible arrangement an alteration was made in the law. FRANK PENNY, LL.M., Senior Chaplain H.M.I.S. Fort St. George. A NEW SENSE OF "GARLAND" (9th S. vi. 245). — The late Admiral Smyth, in his ' Sailor's Word - Book,' does not declare "garland" to be a feast, but a receptacle for daily food. Among other meanings given to the word he says:— " Also a sort of cabbage net, whose opening is extended by a hoop, and used by sailors to contain their day's provisions, being hung up to the beams within their berth, safe from cats, rats, ants, and cockroaches." EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road. The use exemplified in MR. HUSSEY'S ex- tracts seems to be very local. Not even in the 'English Dialect Dictionary' does the meaning "jollification" occur, though there are instances of customs not far removed. May I suggest that such additions to our great dictionaries should be given in your columns literatim as well as verbatim 1 It would be a great help to the editors not to need to refer to original MSS. which your correspondents have already seen. Q. V. ANCIENT AND MODERN NAMES OF CITIES, TOWNS, <fcc., IN ENGLAND (9th S. vi. 288).— Andrew Wright's 'Court Hand Restored' has an appendix containing the ancient names of places in Great Britain and Ireland. This list, which is tolerably complete, is de- signed, according to the title - page, " for young students and others who may have occasion to consult old records." It may supply MR. MASON'S wants. ISAAC TAYLOR. DANIEL DEFOE (9th S. v. 285, 483 : vi. 156, 219, 270).—The following extract from the Gentleman's Magazine (vol. xxxvi. p. 45) ap- pears to be of interest as confirming GNOMON'S list of heads on Temple Bar :— " 1766 Jan. Monday 20. Between three and four in the morning, a person was observed discharging musket-balls, from a steel cross-bow, at the two remaining heads upon Temple-Bar. Upon March- ing him about fifty musket-balls were found in his pocket, wrapt up in a paper, with the motto, Knpmt ille vitam." The " two remaining heads " were presumably those of Col. Francis Townley and George Fletcher. My great-grandfather, the Kev. Robert Lewis, Chaplain to the Prince Regent and Rector of Chingford (born 1742, died 1827), often in later years spoke to his chil- dren about the heads of the Jacobites of the 45 he had seen on Temple Bar; and, although I have no record that he ever stated the names of the persons to whom those ghastly remains once belonged, there can be no doubt that what he saw were the skulls of the above-mentioned two unfortunate rebels against their de facto king. ARTHUR F. ROWE. Walton-on-Thames. It is an ungracious task to lower the opinion that one man holds of another, but MB. HOPE'S attention should be drawn to the letters of Defoe himself, published for the first time by the Historical MSS. Commission in the two latest volumes of their calendars of the Duke of Portland's papers. Q. V. KING AND PAINTER (9th S. vi. 287).--The Emperor Charles V. and Titian. See Manette, 'EntretienssurlesVies et sur les Ouvrages des plus Excellens Peintres,' second edition, vol. i. p. 657. E. F. b. D. [Other replies acknowledged.] •HISTORY OF THE PARISH OF PRESTON' (9th S vi. 298).—I have no wish to enter into a correspondence with your reviewer, but one paragraph in his notice of my book 1 cannot allow to pass without protest, as the statement there made is based on a false assumption, and is inaccurate and misleading. The Subsidy Roll of 1332, on pp. 28 to 31 was not taken from the printed copy issued by the Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, but from a transcript of the original MS. made for me by an expert several years ago. I have carefully compared pp 28 to 31 with this transcript and also with the Record Society's copy, and have failed to find any discrepancies of import- ance. Two or three letters are wrong, and the printer has uniformly omitted to insert the sign of contraction on the word hi (tit) ; the excuse for this is that after the type was set up my printer found that he had no type for "t," and rather than delay the work I reluctantly allowed him to proceed, thinking
