252
NOTES AND QUERIES. [9 th s. ix. MARCH 29, 1902.
house to hear the newspaper read which
was Colberts Register. Its price was then 7d.,
and afterwards Is. 2d. His father's house
was the only one where the paper was taken
in. Young Haslam served a seven-year
apprenticeship to a Mr. Blakey, a hatter and
furrier in Morpeth, who was the first mayor
of the town. He lost business through being
an agitator for the Reform Bill. Being a
Poor Law guardian, he was for mercy when
his colleagues were cruel to the poor, which
caused him to lose more trade. In 1829 young
Haslam went to Manchester, where he joined
the Radicals, and often heard Henry Hunt
and William Cobbett speak. He never heard
of the Charter until the report of the public
meeting in London introducing it made it
known to all. Then he said, " We all became
Chartists." Afterwards he spoke at meetings
of Socialists, as co-operators were then called.
They were advocates of industrial cities,
not exponents of what is now known as
Socialism, which the State is to administer.
Haslam was many times in Robert Owen's
company. At that time Haslam wrote
' Letters to the Clergy of all Denominations.'
There were twenty-four letters in all, setting
forth that the writer did not believe in the
Scripture being divinely inspired, and his
dislike to persons preaching as though it
was, when it was not. The Bishop of Exeter,
then Dr. Phillpotts, thought it necessary to
bring these letters before the House of Lords.
The bishop represented that the letters would
obliterate morality and religion. Their in-
tention was the very reverse, for Haslam
believed in rational religion and morality,
and remained a believer in God all his life.
Yet Henry Hetherington, a London book-
seller, was imprisoned nine months for selling
these letters. Haslam resided in Manchester
from 1829 to 1860. He was afterwards in
business as a chemist in Newcastle-ori-Tyne.
Gamage, a Newcastle Chartist, qualified him-
self as a physician, and probably Haslam
took lessons in chemistry. In 1879 he was
able to retire, and was hale and hearty until
within a few years of his death. In addition
to the 'Letters to the Clergy ' he wrote ' The
Moral Catechism,' a substitute for the Church
Catechism, and the 'Light of Reason.' He
died at the house of his son-in-law in Buhner
btreet, Newcastle-ori-Tyne, 22 Feb., 1902.
. G- J. HOLYOAKE.
Eastern Lodge, Brighton.
ST. CLEMENT DANES (9 th S. vii. 64, 173, 274 375 ; yiii. 17, 86, 186, 326, 465 ; ix. 52, 136). A curious freak of nomenclature, like that pointed out by COL. PRIDEAUX with regard
to the absence of " castle " and " street " from
that of Southern Europe, occurs in England
and Germany with reference to names de-
rived from fons, /<mtana=fountain, which
in England are replaced by spring, bourne,
well, in Germany by Brunne, Quelle ; nor have
we any names derived from aquae, corre-
sponding to the Aigue, Aigues, Aix, Dax, Ax,
Acqui, Aguas, of the Continent. This is the
more remarkable because Bath (Aquae
Sulis) was not taken by the Saxons until
A.D. 577, and the Germans, who usually use
Baden or Bad like the Spanish and Portu-
guese Caldos and Calida have kept the name
Aachen for Aix-la-Chapelle (Ci vitas Aquensis).
What is Spa derived from ? When, moreover,
the Dutch colonized South Africa, a region
so like Southern Europe in its physical
geography, they at once adopted the word
fontein = " spring " in their place-names,
though I do not think the word occurs as a
termination in either the Netherlands or
Flanders. Fontaine, of course, is often
found in Walloon districts of Belgium. The
fact is the more remarkable, as the termina-
tion is not common, if it occurs at all, in
the well- watered districts of the Cape pen-
insula, which were the first colonized by
the Dutch and Huguenot settlers, whilst
it is universal over the Karroo, which
was not reached by the Dutch, except as
hunters or traders, until long after the
French language had died out at the Cape.
Can any reason be given why they should
have adopted the word fontaine to designate
the isolated springs in the Karroo, whilst
retaining the Dutch word pan for water-
holes ? There were very few Walloons in the
service of the Dutch East India Company,
nor do I think fontaine is a commonplace
termination in either Languedoc or Daupnine,
from which most of the Huguenots settled at
the Cape appear to have come.
As regards ivich, wick, I quite agree with your correspondent that there is room both for the Norse and the Latin words in Eng- land. If we omit North Northumberland, the term wich = vik is certainly found on our east coast within geographical limits corresponding generally with those of the "Saxon shore" of the latest Roman period, whilst the western limits of wick=vicus, in the south-western peninsula, at all events, viz., the Devon Axe and the Parret, agree fairly well with the limits of Roman settle- ment (of which comparatively few traces occur either in West Somerset, Devon, or Cornwall), corresponding with the old terri- tories of the Damnonii and Cornubii, through- out which Cornish continued to be spoken
