other things is dependent on the direction and intensity of the magnetic field, and is doubled when the ray is reflected back.
(2) The rotation produced by saccharine and other solutions, when the rotation is equal in all directions and simply proportional to the quantity of active substance traversed by the ray; the rotation in this case is neutralised when the ray is reflected back.
The difficulties in the way of explaining the rotation produced by liquids are summarised in the following extract.
"It is, perhaps, not surprising that crystalline substances should, on account of some special molecular arrangement, possess rotatory power, and affect the propagation of light within the mass in a manner depending on the direction of transmission. The loss of this power when the crystalline structure is destroyed, as when quartz is fused, is consequently an event which would be naturally expected, but the possession of it in all directions by fluids and solutions, in which there can not be any special internal arrangement of the mass of the nature of a crystalline structure, is not a thing which one would have been led to expect beforehand. To Faraday it appeared to be a matter of no ordinary difficulty, and I am not aware that any explanation of it has ever been suggested. It is just possible that the light, in traversing a solution in which the molecules are free to move, may, on account of some peculiarity of structure, cause the molecules to take up some special arrangement, so that the fluid becomes as it were polarised by the transmission of the light, in a manner somewhat analogous to that in which a fluid dielectric is polarised in a field of electrostatic force."[1]
In order to imitate the rotation produced by liquids like sugar solutions, I made small elements or "molecules" of twisted jute, of two varieties, one kind being twisted to the right (positive) and the other twisted to the left (negative). I now interposed a number of, say, the positive variety, end to end, between the crossed polariser and analyser; this produced a restoration of the field. The same was the case with the negative variety. I now mixed equal numbers of the two varieties, and there was now no restoration of the field, the rotation produced by one variety being counteracted by the opposite rotation produced by the other.
To get complete neutralisation, it is necessary that the element should be of the same size, and that the two varieties should be twisted (in opposite directions) to the same amount. The experiment was repeated in the following order, to avoid any uncertainty due to the possible variation of the sensitiveness of the receiver. The receiver is adjusted to a particular sensitiveness, and as long as it is not disturbed by the action of radiation, the sensitiveness remains constant. A mixture of opposite elements is first interposed,
